DOE G 200.1-1 App C, Appendix C Conducting Structured Walkthroughs
Functional areas: Information Technology
This guide describes how to conduct a structured walkthroughs during
the lifecycle stages of software engineering projects, regardless of hardware platform.
Superseded By:
DOE O 415.1, Information Technology Project Management on Dec 03, 2012
Version history and related documents
Superseded by
A newer version replaces this document.
- DOE O 415.1Information Technology Project Management (Dec 03, 2012)
Document text
Text extracted from the attached file. Refer to the original document for the authoritative version.
Section 1
Software Engineering Methodology
Appendix C
Conducting Structured Walkthroughs
DOE G 200.1-1 Overview
5-21-97 Conducting Structured Walkthroughs
Date: March 1996 Conducting Structured Walkthroughs Page
Rev Date: C-1
Purpose: This process guide describes how to conduct a structured walkthrough during
the lifecycle stages of software engineering projects, regardless of hardware
platform.
Reference: Yourdon, Edward, Structured Walkthroughs, New York, New York:
Yourdon, Inc., 1978.
Organization: This process guide consists of the following sections:
C Overview
C Responsibilities Before the Walkthrough
C Responsibilities During the Walkthrough
C Responsibilities After the Walkthrough
C Additional Activities After the Walkthrough
C Follow-up Activities
C Structured Walkthroughs for Lifecycle Stages
C Structured Walkthroughs for Other Documents
C Structured Walkthrough Meeting Record (sample)
C Structured Walkthrough Management Summary Report (sample)
Description: A structured walkthrough is an organized procedure for a group of peers to
review and discuss the technical aspects of software development and
maintenance work products. The major objectives in a structured walkthrough
are to find errors and to improve the quality of the product. Errors typically
occur as omissions or contradictions, flaws in logic, or inconsistencies in the
work product style (e.g., poorly stated requirements and inefficient code).
Structured walkthroughs should not be used to discuss solutions for the errors
that are found. The basic purpose of a walkthrough is error detection, not
error correction. When the walkthrough is finished, the author of the work
product is responsible for taking the necessary actions to correct the errors.
The author may hold private conversations with reviewers or conduct follow-
up meetings to discuss potential solutions.
Structured walkthroughs should be conducted during all stages of the software
lifecycle. Walkthroughs can be conducted in various formats, with various
levels of formality, and with different types of participants.
In some cases, it might be useful and expedient to include software users in
walkthroughs. Management representatives do not participate in structured
walkthroughs. Regardless of the variations in format and participants, the
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basic activity (peer review) and the major objectives (find errors and improve
quality) of the structured walkthroughs remain the same.
General
Information:
Structured walkthroughs are appropriate for reviewing the technical accuracy
and completeness of software development and maintenance work products,
project management tools, and other types of documents (e.g., technical
operating procedures). The walkthroughs should be scheduled to review
small, meaningful pieces of work. The progress made in each lifecycle stage
should determine the frequency of the walkthroughs.
Benefits: Structured walkthroughs provide the following benefits.
C Save time and money by finding and correcting errors earlier in the
lifecycle.
C Provide value-added input from reviewers with different technical
backgrounds, experience, and expertise.
C Validate and improve the related lifecycle work products.
C Keep the project team informed of the development or maintenance
progress.
Section 2
C Provide professional growth to participants by giving them an
opportunity to look at different development or maintenance
methodologies and approaches.
Participants: Each participant in the structured walkthrough process has a specific role.
The author of the work product is responsible for requesting the walkthrough
when a meaningful portion of the product has been developed and is free from
casual errors (e.g., spelling errors). The author attends the walkthrough as an
observer and answers reviewers general questions. The author is not a
reviewer.
The presenter usually develops the agenda for the walkthrough and presents
the work product being reviewed. The presenter should be familiar with the
work product and be a member of the project team.
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Participants, The moderator facilitates the walkthrough session, ensures that the
continued: walkthrough agenda is followed, and encourages the participation of all
reviewers. The moderator may also be the scribe.
The reviewers evaluate the work product to determine if it is technically
accurate. The reviewers also assess whether the project guidelines or
standards are being followed, the project requirements are met, and the
product is properly prepared.
The scribe takes notes during the walkthrough. The scribe records the errors
identified and any other technical comments, suggestions, and unresolved
questions. The scribe should not be a reviewer.
Meeting Record: The Structured Walkthrough Meeting Record worksheet is available to assist
the reviewers with recording errors found prior to the walkthrough session,
and for the scribe to record information discussed during the walkthrough.
The worksheet is divided into two parts: Part 1 is used to record
administrative meeting information; Part 2 is used to record reviewer
comments, questions, and follow-up action items. A template of the worksheet
is provided as an attachment to this procedure.
Implementation: This procedure describes a formal structure for conducting walkthroughs. The
formality and structure of the walkthrough sessions should be tailored to meet
the needs of the development or maintenance team, and the purpose and scope
of the work product.
DOE G 200.1-1 Responsibilities Before the Walkthrough
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Author's
Responsibilities:
The author of the work product is responsible for the following activities prior
to the walkthrough session.
Step Activity
1 Complete a meaningful segment of a work product. Avoid
requesting a walkthrough on an incomplete segment or on a
segment(s) that is too large to be adequately reviewed in less
than 2 hours.
2 Proofread work product segment to eliminate nontechnical
errors such as spelling or typographical mistakes. Nontechnical
errors can distract reviewers from the technical aspects of the
work product.
3 Notify the presenter that a completed segment of a work
product is ready for a structured walkthrough. The author may
discuss potential reviewers with the presenter.
4 Prepare any support materials (such as flow charts) to assist
reviewers with their understanding of the entire work product
and how the segment being reviewed fits into the entire product.
5 Provide the work product and all support materials to the
presenter for advance distribution to the reviewers.
Section 3
6 When the segment to be reviewed is finished, the author should
be prepared to work on other segments of the work product (or
other project tasks) while waiting for the walkthrough to occur.
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Presenter's
Responsibilities:
The presenter is responsible for the following activities prior to the
walkthrough session.
Step Activity
1 Determine if the size of the work product segment is appropriate
for one walkthrough session. The duration of a walkthrough
session should not exceed 2 hours. If more time is necessary,
the work product segment should be divided into smaller
portions and each portion reviewed separately.
2 Select reviewers who are appropriate for the work product;
such as systems analysts, programmers, technical writers, and
testers. Reviewers should include people on and off the project.
In some cases, the participation of software users may be
considered desirable.
If necessary, the presenter can discuss who should participate in
the walkthrough with the manager of the project team.
3 Select the moderator and the scribe. Determine whether the
scribe will be responsible for completing the Structured
Walkthrough Management Summary Report.
4 Schedule the meeting date, time, and location. Notify all
participants of these arrangements at least 2 days prior to the
walkthrough.
5 Establish the agenda. Review the agenda and any important
issues with the moderator.
6 Provide reviewers with copies of all materials to be reviewed at
least 2 days prior to the walkthrough. The review package
should include a blank copy of the Structured Walkthrough
Meeting Record worksheet for optional use by reviewers.
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Reviewers'
Responsibilities:
The reviewers are responsible for the following activities prior to the
walkthrough session.
Step Activity
1 Carefully review the materials provided by the presenter. Make
a note about the amount of time spent reviewing the material.
Give this information to the scribe at the beginning of the
walkthrough session.
2 Identify technical errors. Insert comments and questions
directly on the review materials or on part 2 of the Structured
Walkthrough Meeting Record worksheet for easy reference
during the walkthrough discussion.
3 Note directly on the review materials any nontechnical errors
found during the review, such as spelling or typographical
mistakes. While these errors are not discussed during the
walkthrough, they should be provided to the author at the
conclusion of the walkthrough.
4 Notify the presenter immediately if the reviewer will not be able
to complete the review in time for the walkthrough session. An
unprepared reviewer will hinder the walkthrough process. If
enough time is available, the presenter can select a new
reviewer.
5 Review the procedures for the structured walkthrough process.
Each reviewer should be familiar with the procedures prior to
participating in a walkthrough session.
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Moderator
and Scribe
Responsibilities:
Section 4
The moderator and scribe are responsible for the following activities prior to
the walkthrough session.
Step Activity
1 Review the materials provided by the presenter to become
familiar with the contents.
2 Review the agenda and discuss any questions with the presenter.
3 Note directly on the review materials any nontechnical errors
found during the review, such as spelling or typographical
mistakes. While these errors are not discussed during the
walkthrough, they should be provided to the author at the
conclusion of the walkthrough.
4 Review the procedures (groundrules) for the structured
walkthrough process. Clarify specific roles and responsibilities
with the presenter. The moderator and scribe should be familiar
with the procedures prior to participating in a walkthrough
session.
DOE G 200.1-1 Responsibilities During the Walkthrough
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Moderator's
Responsibilities:
The moderator is responsible for the following activities during the
walkthrough session.
Step Activity
1 Call the walkthrough session to order. It is important to start
the session at the scheduled time.
2 Ask participants to introduce themselves and state their current
responsibility/job assignment.
3 Briefly review the procedures and agenda for the walkthrough
session.
4 Facilitate the walkthrough session. Every attempt should be
made to adhere to the agenda and the established meeting
procedures.
Encourage active participation of all reviewers. Limit discussion
to the identification of errors. The discussion of solutions is not
part of the walkthrough process. Limit the author's participation
to observation and answering questions.
If the session exceeds 2 hours, the moderator should stop the
session at a logical breaking point and schedule another session
to continue the discussion. When walkthrough sessions exceed
2 hours, the productivity and attention span of the reviewers will
be adversely affected.
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Moderator's
Responsibilities,
continued:
Step Activity
5 At the conclusion of the session, ask the reviewers to make a
decision about the status of the work product as follows:
A Accept product as is
B Revise--no further walkthroughs for this product
C Revise and schedule another walkthrough
A majority opinion decides the action. If a majority opinion or
consensus cannot be reached, the presenter will make the
decision.
If another walkthrough is necessary, the entire structured
walkthrough process should be repeated.
6 Adjourn the walkthrough session at the scheduled time. If the
agenda has not been completed, schedule a follow-up session.
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Presenter's
Responsibilities:
The presenter is responsible for the following activities during the walkthrough
session.
Step Activity
1 Provide a brief overview of the work product.
2 If necessary, review outstanding issues from previous
walkthrough(s).
3 Present the product to be reviewed. Answer reviewers'
questions. The presenter can ask the author for assistance in
answering questions.
Section 5
4 At the conclusion of the meeting, if the reviewers cannot reach
consensus about the status of the work product, the presenter is
responsible for making that decision.
The status will be one of the following:
A Accept product as is
B Revise--no further walkthroughs for this product
C Revise and schedule another walkthrough
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Scribe's
Responsibilities:
The scribe is responsible for the following activities during the walkthrough
session.
Step Activity
1 Record the beginning time for the walkthrough session.
2 Record the attendance of each participant.
3 Record the amount of time each reviewer spent reviewing the
work product.
4 Record the technical errors identified by the reviewers. Record
all significant comments and suggestions made by the reviewers
and presenter.
5 Record suggested action items and other follow-up activities.
6 Record the end time for the walkthrough session.
DOE G 200.1-1 Responsibilities During the Walkthrough
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Reviewers'
Responsibilities:
Each reviewer is responsible for the following activities during the
walkthrough session.
Step Activity
1 Provide the scribe with the time spent reviewing the work
product.
2 Provide the appropriate introduction information (e.g., name
and current job responsibilities).
3 Describe technical errors found during review of the work
product. Be an active participant.
4 Ask questions as needed to clarify information about the work
product.
5 Make constructive suggestions and comments about the work
product.
6 Participate in the decision about the status of the work product:
A Accept product as is
B Revise--no further walkthroughs for this product
C Revise and schedule another walkthrough
If consensus cannot be reached by the reviewers, the presenter is
responsible for making the decision.
7 Inform the author about any nontechnical errors found during
the review by providing a marked up copy of the review
package.
DOE G 200.1-1 Responsibilities After the Walkthrough
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Scribe's
Responsibilities:
The scribe is responsible for the following activities after the walkthrough has
taken place.
Step Activity
1 Prepare the meeting record for the walkthrough session.
Include any action items identified by the reviewers and the
person/team responsible for completing each action item.
2 Circulate the meeting record to the participants for their review
and comments.
3 Update the meeting record as needed. Distribute the revised
meeting record to the author. Copies of the meeting record
should be distributed to the other participants only if an
additional walkthrough is required.
Reviewers'
Responsibilities:
The reviewers are responsible for the following activities after the
walkthrough.
Step Activity
1 Review the walkthrough session meeting record for accuracy
and completeness.
2 Indicate changes that are needed to add or clarify information in
the meeting record. Submit any changes to the scribe. If
necessary, discuss discrepancies with the presenter.
3 If requested by the author of the work product, provide
additional explanation of walkthrough comments.
Section 6
DOE G 200.1-1 Responsibilities After the Walkthrough
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Presenter's
Responsibilities:
The presenter is responsible for the following activities after the walkthrough.
Step Activity
1 Review the walkthrough session meeting record for accuracy
and completeness.
2 Indicate changes to the meeting record and return to scribe. If
necessary, discuss discrepancies with the reviewers.
3 Initiate follow-up activities recommended by the reviewers.
Verify that all action items have been assigned to the
appropriate person/team.
4 Complete a Structured Walkthrough Management Summary
Report. Include the following information:
C Description of the work product reviewed.
C Description of findings. In addition to findings, include
significant problems that would cause schedule slippage
or project cost increase.
C Date, time, and duration of the walkthrough.
C List of attendees.
C Status decision (i.e.; accept as is, revise--no further
walkthrough, or revise and schedule another
walkthrough) and any other follow-up activities.
5 Distribute copies of the Structured Walkthrough Management
Summary Report to the appropriate management personnel
including the Project Manager and the Quality Assurance Team
Manager.
6 Track progress made on open action items. As action items are
closed, indicate closed status on the meeting record.
7 If necessary, schedule a follow-up walkthrough when the
revised work product is ready.
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Author's
Responsibilities:
The author is responsible for the following activities after the walkthrough.
Step Activity
1 Make all necessary changes to the work product.
2 Use the structured walkthrough meeting record
as a checklist to make sure all errors are
corrected, reviewers comments have been
addressed, and open issues are investigated.
3 Check with the presenter and reviewers, as
needed, to obtain additional information or
clarifications.
4 Conduct follow-up meetings with subject matter
experts, as needed, to complete work product.
5 Prepare work product and participate in follow-
up walkthrough, if required.
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Quality
Assurance
Team Manager:
The Quality Assurance Team Manager is responsible for the following
activities after the walkthrough.
Step Activity
1 Prepare a summary of the information contained in the
Structured Walkthrough Management Summary Report.
2 Distribute the summary to the Technical Monitor for the
software engineering task. The data presented in the report is
included in monthly management reports.
Project Manager: The Project Manager is responsible for the following activities after the
walkthrough.
Step Activity
1 Review the Structured Walkthrough Management Summary
Report.
2 If a problem exists that would cause a schedule slippage or
project cost increase, send written notification to the project's
Technical Monitor. An electronic mail message is an
acceptable form of notification.
3 File the Structured Walkthrough Management Summary Report
in the project management notebook/files.
Section 7
4 Follow up on any action items that remain open. A formal plan
may need to be developed for action items that cannot be
resolved during the current lifecycle stage.
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Project Technical
Monitor:
The Project Technical Monitor is responsible for the following activities after
the walkthrough.
Step Activity
1 Review the summary information about the completed
structured walkthroughs that is provided by the Quality
Assurance Team Manager.
2 The Technical Monitor reports walkthrough statistics to
appropriate levels of DOE senior management.
Preparation of
Summary Report:
The presenter is responsible for the preparation of the Structured Walkthrough
Management Summary Report (Summary Report). The presenter may ask the
scribe to prepare the report. If the scribe prepares the report, the presenter
reviews the report before it is distributed. A sample Summary Report is
provided at the end of this appendix.
The Summary Report is distributed to the appropriate project personnel
including:
C Project Manager
C Quality Assurance Team Manager
The Summary Report is used by the Quality Assurance Team to maintain
statistical data on structured walkthroughs.
The Summary Reports generated during each stage of the software lifecycle
will be checked during the In-Stage Assessments (ISAs). The purpose of the
ISA check is to verify that structured walkthroughs were conducted during
each lifecycle stage, that the walkthrough action items were documented, and
that the action items have been properly resolved and closed.
Follow-up
Walkthrough:
If a follow-up walkthrough is required, the procedures used in the original
walkthrough should be repeated. Use the meeting record from the previous
walkthrough as a checklist to confirm that the previously identified errors and
issues were resolved.
DOE G 200.1-1 Structured Walkthroughs for Lifecycle Stages
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Introduction: Structured walkthroughs are generally used to review software products or
systems under development or maintenance at various lifecycle stages. This
section describes the work products that should be reviewed at each stage of
the lifecycle. The work products correspond to the deliverables described in
the Department of Energy Software Engineering Methodology.
Planning
Stage:
The Planning Stage defines the work to be accomplished for a development or
maintenance task and estimates the resources that will be required. During the
Planning Stage, a structured walkthrough should be conducted for each project
management tool.
Purpose Participants
Reviews the project management The developer and at least one
tools for the project, such as the systems analyst, preferably outside
following: the project.
C Feasibility Study/Statement If the project involves tele-
C Project Plan up), include a representative from
C Deliverables log
C Milestone schedule data or sensitive unclassified data,
C Work Breakdown Structure appropriate computer security
C Software Quality Assurance
Plan
communications (e.g., LAN or dial-
the appropriate functional area.
If the project involves classified
include a representative from the
program.
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Section 8
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Requirements
Definition Stage:
The Requirements Definition Stage determines the scope and requirements for
a development or maintenance project. During the Requirements Definition
Stage, structured walkthroughs are used to identify problems, inaccuracies,
ambiguities, and omissions in the Requirements Specifications.
Purpose Participants
Reviews the following project work One or more of the project
products: designers and at least one systems
C Configuration Management
Plan If the project involves
C Requirements Specification dial-up), include a representative
- Client goals from the appropriate functional
- Data requirements area.
- Functional requirements
- Performance If the project involves classified
requirements data or sensitive unclassified data,
- Interface requirements include a representative from the
- Telecommunications appropriate computer security
- Computer security program.
C Continuity of Operations
Plan
C Project Test Plan
C Acceptance Test Plan
analyst.
telecommunications (e.g., LAN or
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Functional
Design Stage:
The Functional Design Stage selects the design elements that determine how
the software product will be constructed to meet the functional requirements.
During the Functional Design Stage, the structured walkthroughs are used to
identify flaws, weaknesses, errors, and omissions in the architecture of the
design.
Purpose Participants
Reviews the Functional Design At least one systems analyst and
Document, logical model, data one or more of the project
dictionary, and requirements designers/programmers.
traceability matrix for errors in the
following design areas: If the project involves tele-
C Hardware up), include a representative from
C Software
C Logical design data or sensitive unclassified data,
C Telecommunications appropriate computer security
C System interfaces
C Backup and recovery
C Security
C User interface
C Reports
communications (e.g., LAN or dial-
the appropriate functional area.
If the project involves classified
include a representative from the
program.
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System Design
Stage:
The System Design Stage uses the concepts and the system architecture to
describe the system components in detail. During the System Design Stage,
structured walkthroughs are used to review detailed specifications, and plans
that address testing and implementation issues.
Purpose Participants
Reviews the following work At least one systems analyst and
products: one or more of the project
C Physical Model
C Programming Standards communications (LAN or dial-up),
C Program Specifications appropriate functional area.
C System Design Document If the project involves classified
C Conversion Plan include a representative from the
C Integration Test Plan program.
C System Test Plan
designers/programmers.
If the project involves tele-
include a representative from the
data or sensitive unclassified data,
appropriate computer security
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Section 9
Date: March 1996 Conducting Structured Walkthroughs Page
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Programming
Stage:
The Programming Stage involves the construction of the software product and
the testing that is an integral part of the construction process. During the
Programming Stage, walkthroughs are conducted on clean compiles, test data
bases, and the operating documentation.
Purpose Participants
Reviews listing (clean compiles) for Technical personnel with
approximately 80 hours of coding, appropriate expertise and at least
or at the completion of a logical unit two additional reviewers. The
of work. Reviews should verify entire programming team might
adherence to the following: attend the walkthrough, depending
C System design
C Programming standards communications (e.g, LAN or dial-
C Program Specifications the appropriate functional area.
C Software Configuration If the project involves classified
Management Plan data or sensitive unclassified data,
on the approach.
If the project involves tele-
up), include a representative from
include a representative from the
appropriate computer security
program.
Determines the adequacy of the
Integration and System test data
base and test plans.
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Software
Integration and
Testing Stage:
The Software Integration and Testing Stage is the transition from individual
software components to an integrated software product. During the Software
Integration and Testing Stage, structured walkthroughs are used to test the
integrated product, check the accuracy of the operating documents that will be
provided to the user(s) and maintenance programmer(s), and plan for the
acceptance activities.
Purpose Participants
Reviews the following documents: Participants include personnel with
C Integration and System Test a technical writer.
Results/Reports
C Users Manual application on a mainframe
C Programmers Reference from Computer Operations.
Manual
C Installation Plan communications (e.g., LAN or dial-
C Acceptance Test Plan the appropriate functional area.
C Training Plan If the project involves classified
C Preacceptance Checklists include a representative from the
appropriate technical expertise and
If the software product is an
platform, include a representative
If the project involves tele-
up), include a representative from
data or sensitive unclassified data,
appropriate computer security
program.Reviews the following production
activities:
C Data conversion
C Installation procedures
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Installation and
Acceptance
Stage:
The Installation and Acceptance Stage is the transition from a software
product in development to a product or system in full production status.
During the Installation and Acceptance Stage, structured walkthroughs are
used to check the Acceptance Test Report and inspect the plans for activities
performed in preparation for full-scale production.
Purpose Participants
Reviews the following documents: Participants include personnel with
C Acceptance Test
Results/Report If the software product is an
C Acceptance Checklist platform, include a representative
appropriate technical expertise.
Section 10
application on a mainframe
from Computer Operations.
If the project involves tele-
communications (e.g., LAN or dial-
up), include a representative from
the appropriate functional area.
If the project involves classified
data or sensitive unclassified data,
include a representative from the
appropriate computer security
program.
Performs the following production
activities:
C Data conversion
C Installation procedures
DOE G 200.1-1 Structured Walkthroughs for Other Document
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Types of
Documents:
Structured walkthroughs are appropriate for reviewing other types of
documents, such as the following:
C Departmental and contractual publications
C Long-range plans
C Administrative and technical operating procedures
C Technical reports
C Presentations
Types of
Verification:
When reviewing other types of documents, structured walkthroughs are used
to verify the technical and editorial accuracy and appropriateness of the content
and format.
Purpose Participants
Reviews for accuracy including the Technical experts, technical writer,
following: and graphics expert.
C Consistency
C Completeness
C Conformance to standards
and guidelines
C Style
C Grammar and spelling
C-26
Structured Walkthrough Meeting Record
Part 1: Structured Walkthrough Meeting Information
Complete the following blocks to record the structured walkthrough meeting information. If you
have any questions, call your Quality Assurance Team representative.
Walkthrough Information Participant Information
Participant Name/ Preparation Present
Responsibilities Time (TT)
Project name: Author:
Walkthrough date: Presenter:
Walkthrough start time: Moderator:
Walkthrough end time: Scribe:
Walkthrough work product Reviewer:
decision:
Acceptable as presented Reviewer:
Acceptable with Reviewer:
revisions
Revisions with another Reviewer:
walkthrough
If a follow-up walkthrough is Reviewer:
required:
Date: Location: Reviewer:
Time:
Continued on next page
C-27
Structured Walkthrough Meeting Record
Part 2: Structured Walkthrough Findings
Record reviewer comments and action items identified during the structured walkthrough in the
blocks below. If more space is needed, make additional copies of this page.
Number Comments and Action Items Date
Closed
C-28
Structured Walkthrough
Management Summary Report
Product Name:
Product/Module Number: Acronym:
Work Product (check one)
Feasibility Study/Statement Integration Test Plan
Project Plan System Test Plan
Software Quality Assurance Plan Conversion Plan
Software Configuration Management Plan System Design Document
Continuity of Operations Plan/Statement Program Specifications
Data Dictionary Programming Standards
Requirements Traceability Matrix Acquisition Plan
Software Requirements Specification Installation Plan
Project Test Plan Source Code
Acceptance Test Plan Transition Plan
Design Methodology Users Manual
Logical Model Programmers Reference Manual
Functional Design Document Training Plan
Physical Model Other (specify):
Description of Product Reviewed:
Summary of Findings: (Include significant problems that would cause schedule slippage or
project cost increase)
Date: Start Time: End Time: Duration:
Reviewers:
Presenter:
Moderator:
Scribe:
Decision: A = Accept product as is
B = Revise--no further walkthrough for this product
C = Revise and schedule another walkthrough
Enter appropriate letter: