DOE O 6430.1A Div 8-16, General Design Criteria

DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 0800 Doors and Windows Page 8-1 Division 8 Doors and Windows GENERAL See Section 0110-12, Energy Conservation, for coefficients of heat transmission, shading of glass, double and triple glazing, air infiltration and exfiltration, thermal break frames and framing members, weatherstripping, and vestibules and protected entrances for exterior doors. Doors and windows located in potentially corrosive environments, such as in close proximity to saltwater or in areas of acid rain, shall be corrosion resistant or protected against corrosion. See Section 0101-4, Handicapped Provisions. 0800-1 DOORS 0800-1.1 General Frequently used doors shall have a vision panel except where privacy, security, or fire safety requirements preclude installation. Doors shall offer substantial resistance to unauthorized entry but need not be more resistant to penetration than adjoining walls, ceiling, and floors. If visual access is not a factor, doors with glass panels may be used; however, they shall comply with Section 0800-2, Windows, or shall be equipped with wire mesh fastened securely to the door, preferably on the inside. When visual access is a factor, a sight baffle shall be used when a door is open and should also block the view of the area when the door is closed. When doors are used in pairs, an overlap molding is required where the doors meet. Door jambs shall be reinforced when necessary to make it more difficult to open by use of a wedge, jimmy, or similar tool. 0800-1.2 Fire Protection Fire doors, frames, and hardware shall be either tested and listed by UL or similar nationally accredited testing laboratories or approved by FM or similar national insurance organizations. Fire doors, frames, and hardware shall be installed with label attached in accordance with NFPA 80. Doors and Windows DOE 6430-1A Page 8-2 4-6-89 0800-1.3 Security Where more than one door is required for a security area, single doors or double doors with a removable mullion between them shall be used. Doors that seine exclusively as exits from security area shall not be operable from outside the security area. Where primary reliance is placed on doors as physical security barriers, they shall provide a penetration resistance equal to that specified in the site-specific security plan for adjoining walls, ceilings, and floors. Doors that serve as exits from security areas shall comply with NFPA 101, Chapter 5, and with DOE security requirements, except the use of panic hardware on doors from security areas shall be limited to assembly, educational, and hazardous occupancy classifications of UBC as determined by the cognizant DOE authority. Openings in doors shall be covered to provide the necessary barrier delay rating required by the site-specific security plan for that door. Various materials and configurations may be used, if they are approved by the cognizant DOE safeguards and security authority. Doors that seine as emergency exits from spaces should not open into spaces of greater security. Where used to enhance penetration resistance, wire mesh shall be 2-inch square or smaller mesh of No. 11 American Wire Gauge or heavier steel wire or expanded metal. Doors of offices or rooms constituting security area perimeters where Secret or Top Secret information is discussed on a recurring or routine basis shall be constructed of materials of low sound conductivity, or shall otherwise be soundproof in accordance with DOE 5636.3A and the DOE TSCM Procedural Guide so as to prevent a person outside the room with reasonable access to the wall from overhearing a conversation at normal voice level within the room without the use of hearing instruments or equipment.

Access doors to security posts shall be provided with positive locking devices to prevent unauthorized entry. 0800-2 WINDOWS 0800-2.1 General All facilities shall have operable windows for ventilation except those facilities with year- round air-conditioning such as some computer rooms, where windows shall not be operable except for window cleaning purposes. Operable windows used for ventilation shall have insect screens. Where double or triple glazing is required, insulating glass units shall be used, not multiple glazing. DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Doors and Windows Page 8-3 Windows and curtain walls shall be designed for wind loads in accordance with UBC. Windows shall offer substantial resistance to unauthorized entry but need not be more resistant to penetration than adjoining walls, ceilings, and floors. 0800-2.2 Fire Protection Where required by code, fire windows, frames, and hardware shall be either tested and listed by UL or similar nationally accredited testing laboratories or approved by FM or similar national insurance organizations. Such fire windows, frames, and hardware shall be installed with label attached in accordance with NFPA 80. 0800-2.3 Safety Operable outside windows and operable windows at air shafts, atriums, and courtyards shall have guards conforming to NFPA 101, Chapter 5. Window cleaning provisions shall comply with ANSI A39.1. Outside windows and glazed curtain walls shall comply with NFPA 101, shall have clear openings that qualify as second means of escape. 0800-2.4 Maintenance and Repair Operating mechanisms, parts, and equipment in operable windows shall Chapter 22, and have a history of reliability and readily available replacement parts, and shall not be made of zinc. 0800-2.5 Screens Where insect screens are used, they shall not require seasonal removal and storage, and they shall not interfere with normal window operations. Screen frames of aluminum may be used with wood, aluminum, or steel windows. Screen frames of wood shall be used only with wood windows. Screen frames of steel shall be used only with wood or steel windows. Screen frames of bronze shall be used only with bronze windows. Aluminum and plastic coated or impregnated fibrous glass insect screen shall be used with wood, aluminum, bronze, or steel screen frames. Aluminum insect screen shall not be used where it is exposed to a saltwater atmosphere. Bronze insect screen shall be used only with wood, bronze, or steel screen frames. Glass fabric insect screening shall comply with ASTM D3656. 0800-2.6 Security Where primary reliance is placed on windows as physical security barriers, they shall provide a penetration resistance equal to that specified in the site-specific security plan for adjoining walls, ceilings, and floors. Doors and Windows DOE 6430-1A Page 8-4 4-6-89 Where primary reliance is placed on windows as physical barriers, they shall be constructed of shatter-resistant, laminated glass panes of 9/32-inch minimum thickness or other material providing an equal degree of resistance, and installed in fried (e.g., unopenable) frames so that the panes are not removable from outside the area being protected. The frames must be securely anchored in the walls, and windows should lock from the inside. Swingout steel sash (industrial-type) is acceptable for window installation provided the windows can be securely locked or are permanently sealed shut.

Where used to increase penetration resistance, wire mesh shall be 2-inch square or smaller mesh of No. 11 AWG or heavier steel wire or expanded metal. 0810 METAL DOORS AND FRAMES 0810-1 STEEL DOORS AND FRAMES Hollow steel doors and frames shall comply with SDI 100 and SDI 108. Insulated steel door systems shall comply with ISDSI 102. Steel exterior doors shall not 0810-2 ALUMINUM Aluminum sliding glass doors be used in saltwater environments. DOORS AND FRAMES shall comply with AAMA 101. Insulating aluminum products for sliding glass doors shall comply with AAMA 1002.10. Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum 0820 0820-1 sliding screen doors shall comply with SMA 2005. swinging screen doors shall comply with SMA 3001. storm doors shall comply with AAMA 1102.7. exterior doors shall not be used in saltwater environments. WOOD AND PLASTIC DOORS WOOD DOORS Exterior doors and interior doors where significant moisture is normally present (such as shower rooms, drying rooms, and dishwashing rooms) shall not be faced with hardboard or have unimpregnated paper honeycomb door cores or paper honeycomb door cores with foam plastic fill or vermiculite fill. DOE 6430.1A Doors and Windows 4-6-89 Page 8-5 Wood doors shall comply either with NWWDA IS-1 and NWWDA IS-3, and NWWDA IS-6. Wood exterior doors and plastic-faced exterior doors shall be protected from direct exposure to weather. 0830 SPECIAL DOORS Single-leaf double-acting doors shall have vision panels. Single-leaf double-acting doors shall not be used except as interior personnel passage doors between work spaces that have no security requirements, that have relatively few people, and that do not receive, store, or transfer hazardous, critical, or fragile material or equipment. Where a single-leaf double-acting door is functionally needed but otherwise unacceptable, one of the following shall be used: A pair of manually or automatically operated single-acting doors, with each door swinging in a different direction An automatic single horizontal sliding door or pair of horizontal sliding doors Pairs of double-acting doors shall have a vision panel in each leaf. Pairs of double-acting doors shall not be used except as interior passage doors between industrial type areas that have no security requirements, that have relatively few people and little cross traffic, and that do not receive, store, or transfer hazardous, critical, or fragile material or equipment. Where a pair of double-acting doors is functionally needed but otherwise unacceptable, one of the following shall be used: Two pairs of single-acting doors, with each pair swinging in a different direction A pair of automatic horizontal sliding doors An automatic overhead coiling door 0833 COILING DOORS Exterior overhead rolling metal curtain doors shall be fully weatherstripped. Doors and Windows Page 8-6 DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 0836 SECTION OVERHEAD DOORS Sectional overhead doors shall comply with ANSI A216.1. 0839 SCREEN AND STORM DOORS Storm doors shall not be used at exterior exits from boiler rooms, mechanical and electrical equipment rooms, storage rooms, and similar normally unoccupied rooms. Aluminum and plastic coated or impregnated fibrous glass insect screen shall be used with wood, aluminum, or steel screen frames. Aluminum insect screen shall not be used where it is exposed to a saltwater atmosphere. Bronze insect screen shall be used only with wood, bronze, or steel

0850 0850-1 All steal insect enamel finish. screen frames. Glass fabric insect screening shall comply with ASTM D3656. METAL WINDOWS STEEL WINDOWS screen frames shall be hot dipped galvanized sheet steel with a durable baked Steel windows shall comply with SWI Specifications Brochure for Steel Windows. 0850-2 ALUMINUM WINDOWS Aluminum windows shall comply with AAMA 101. Aluminum storm products for windows and sliding glass doors shall comply with AAMA 1002.10. 0860 0860-1 Wood windows WOOD AND PLASTIC WINDOWS WOOD WINDOWS shall comply with NWWDA IS-2 and NWWDA IS-7. DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 0870 HARDWARE Door and window hardware shall Doors and Windows Page 8-7 comply with the ANSI A156 series. The preparation of doors and frames for the installation of bolts, closers, latches, locks, pivots, and strikes shall comply with the ANSI A115 series. Keying systems for new and renovated facilities and new additions shall be coordinated with existing facilities on a site. Doors that are part of a fire-rated wall assembly and exterior swinging doors that open out shall have door closers. Zinc hardware shall not be used. Operable windows located more than 6 feet above the finished floor shall be provided with extension operators or poles. The locks on at least one door of any room shall be equipped to prevent personnel from being locked inside, except as otherwise required to satisfy DOE safeguards and security standards. Door silencers shall be used on all metal door frames except those for double-acting doors and those for doors in rooms with acoustical security. Where primary reliance is placed on doors or windows as physical security barriers, heavy- duty builders’ hardware shall be used, and all screws, nuts, bolts, hasps, clamps, bars, wire mesh, hinges, and hinge pins shall be fastened securely to preclude surreptitious removal and assure visual evidence of tampering. Hardware accessible from outside the area shall be peened, brazed, or spot welded to preclude removal or be otherwise secured by hardware that is inaccessible to unauthorized tampering (e.g., nonrenewable hinge pins). Where primary reliance is placed on doors as physical security barriers, locks shall meet the following requirements: A combination lock shall meet UL 768, Group I-R. A combination padlock shall meet FS FF-P-110 and 41 CFR 101. A key padlock shall meet MIL-P-43951 or FS FF-P-001480. A key lockset shall meet the ANSI A156 series. Panic locks used on emergency exit doors in security area perimeters shall be operable only from the inside and shall be equipped with at least a loud local alarm. Door locks and latches shall comply with NFPA 101. Magnetic-type locks shall have at least 1200-pound holding force. Doors and Windows DOE 6430-1A Page 8-8 4-6-89 Locks not covered by the above requirements and that meet protection objectives may be used with DOE field element approval. 0880 GLAZING Glazing materials with reflective matings or films shall not be used where they cause disorientation and unsafe conditions. Glazing materials adjacent to unattended entrances and exits shall be protected from damage. Glazing methods and materials shall comply Sealant Manual. Flat glass shall comply with ASTM C1036. For protective glazing, see Section 0800-2.6, with FGMA Glazing Manual and FGMA Security. DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Finishes Page 9-1 0900 GENERAL Division 9 Finishes 0900-1 GENERAL

The underside of floor and roof construction shall be exposed to view except where acoustical treatment, heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, cleanliness, or the containment or dispersion of contaminants requires the installation of a ceiling. In the planning and design of new facilities, economy in finishes shall be considered in terms of the following factors: The character of the facility Functional requirements LCC 0900-2 FIRE PROTECTION LCC calculations shall include the renewal of fire retardant coatings as required by NFPA 101, Chapter 31. 0900-3 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS CONTAMINATION Where radioactive or other hazardous materials are processed or handled, and contamination can occur, washable or strippable finishes shall be used on walls, floors, and ceilings. Where radiological contamination can occur, paint finishes shall comply with ANSI N512. 0900-4 Finish material assembled, and INDOOR AIR QUALITY and its support, backup, and substrate shall be selected, designed, fabricated, installed to exclude or prevent the escape of fibers, such as asbestos, and the Finishes DOE 6430.1A Page 9-2 4-6-89 escape of emissions from volatile organic compounds, such as formaldehyde, and combinations of volatile organic compounds that have been determined to be a health hazard. 0900-99 SPECIAL FACILITIES 0900-99.0 Nonreactor Nuclear Facilites-General Rounded corners and epoxy coated concrete walls and floors shall be considered for nuclear materials storage and work areas. In addition to the coating requirements provided in Section 0950, Acoustical Treatment, the design professinal shall consider the coating guidelines in ASTM D4256 and ANSI N512 for facilities that require coatings to enhance decontamination of surfaces or because of environmental conditions. 090049.4 Exlosives Facilities 0900-99.4.1 Radiological Design Requirements These design requirements are to be applied specifically where explosives and plutonium are present in the same bay (except magazines) and shall be in addition to requirements and practices associated with the use of other radioactive materials such as uranium and tritium. Ease of radiological decontamination shall be provided for in the selection of floor and wall coverings. Where paints are to be used, they shall comply with ANSI N512. To the extent practicable, floor-to-wall interfaces shall be coved for ease of decontamination 0900-99.7 Occupational Health Facilities 0900-99.7.1 General The functional shall dictate the selection of interior finishes for Occupational Health Facilities. Particular care shall be taken to assure the privacy of conversations between doctor or medical professional and patient. See Section 1300-11.1, Decontamination, for interior finish criteria applicable to contaminated areas in Occupational Health Facilities. 0900-99.7.2 Floors Finished floors shall be resilient flooring except in special areas. In such areas such as laboratories and dark rooms, vinyl composition and Emergency rooms or surgical areas shall have vinyl, flooring. Stairways, entries, and service and utility areas shall base in janitor’s closet). rubber or vinyl cove base shall be used. all-purpose, static-proof, conductive generally be concrete (concrete cove DOE 6430.1A Finishes 4-6-89 Page 9-3 Corridor flooring may be concrete or resilient flooring with rubber or vinyl cove base. Toilet and washrooms shall have ceramic tile floor and base.

0900-99.7.3 Walls The use of plaster shall generally be avoided except as required in potentially contaminated areas to facilitate decontamination and in such areas as emergency, X-ray, treatment, or dark rooms. Painted finishes shall be used throughout the remainder of the facility, such as on masonry walls, dry wall, and factory finished panels. Stairways and corridors may be protected with hardboard wainscot. Portland cement plaster or tile may be used for wainscots in built- in shower stalls. Where tile is to be used, structural facing units shall be considered. Proper radiation shielding shall be provided for X-ray and control rooms. The services of persons qualified in radiation shielding, particularly as related to X-ray shieldins, shall be used for design. 0900-99.7.4 Ceilings The use of plaster for ceilings shall be limited to those rooms where it is used as a wall finish. Acoustical treatment shall be used where functionally needed. Acoustical materials shall be noncombustible and shall be applied directly to the ceiling unless other methods of installation are more economical, or where suspended ceiling is justified for sanitary or other reasons. 090049.7.5 Doors and Frames Wood or combination steel buck and frame shall be used with wood flush doors. The use of sliding doors in medical units should be avoided because of difficulty in maintaining cleanliness. Doors shall be sized to allow passage of stretchers, where needed. 0910 METAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS 0910-1 NON-LOAD BEARING WALL FRAMING SYSTEMS Steel framing shall comply with the MLSFA Steel Flaming Systems Manual and UBC Chapter 23. See Section 0111, Structural Design Requirements. 0910-2 CEILING SUSPENSION SYSTEMS Suspended ceilings shall be earthquake resistant. They shall comply with: UBC Standard No. 47-18 ICBO Report 4071 Finishes Page 9-4 DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 ASTM C635 ASTM C636 ASTM E580 Nonstructural suspended systems, including ceilings, electrical components, and equipment, shall be considered in terms of UCRL 15714, Section V. 0920 LATH AND PLASTER 0920-1 VENEER PLASTER Veneer plaster shall comply with GA Manual of Gypsum Veneer Plaster. 0925 GYPSUM BOARD The application and finishing of gypsum shall comply with ASTM C840. See Section 0111, Structural Design Requirements. 0930 0930-1 CERAMIC TILE Ceramic tile shall comply with TCA Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation. 0950 0950-1 GENERAL Acoustical analyses shall be made for areas with high sound levels, areas where speech intelligibility is important to occupant performance, and for areas where speech privacy is important to occupant performance or required for security. These areas include but are not limited to industrial facilities, data processing centers, word processing centers, large conference rooms, auditoriums, audio-video studios, program control centers, open offices, and secure rooms. TILE ACOUSTICAL TREATMENT DOE 6430.1A Finishes 4-6-89 Page 9-5 A continuous IAS shall be provided for occupiable spaces above suspended ceilings within protected areas and, as required by the site-specific security plan, within limited and exclusion areas. Acoustical treatments in industrial facilities and other high noise occupancies shall comply with 29 CFR 1926 and 29 CFR 1910. Facilities with low sound levels shall be provided with acoustical treatments that produce balanced acoustical environments and promote occupant productivity.

No acoustical treatment shall be provided to control the acoustical environment within normally unoccupied storage areas, service areas, or support areas that have lower sound levels. Acoustical treatment and administrative control in areas that require periodic occupancy by operations or maintenance personnel (for example, utility rooms, equipment rooms, storage areas, service areas, support areas, and industrial process areas) and have such high sound levels that personnel would be injured by periodic short-duration exposure shall comply with 29 CFR 1926 and 29 CFR 1910. Acoustical material shall not be in contact with the underside of roof decks where moisture can collect, or where the deck is exposed to extreme heat. Where window treatments and office landscaping are used for acoustical treatments, see Section 1250, Window Treatment, and Section 1260-1, Landscape Partitions and Components. Accoustical ceilings shall comply with CISCA Acoustical Ceiling-Use and Practice. Acoustic plaster ceilings shall not be used. In areas subject to moisture or high humidity, such as shower rooms, kitchens, and spaces with industrial processes using water, any metal suspension system shall be corrosion resistant, and ceiling materials shall be protected from moisture or be moisture resistant. 0950-99 SPECIAL FACILITIES 0950-99.10 Secure Conference Rooms Walls, ceiling, and doors of offices or room constituting security area perimeters where classified information is discussed, handled, or processed on a recurring or routine basis shall be constructed of materials of low sound conductivity, and shall be acoustically treated in accordance with DOE 5636.3A and the DOE TSCM Procedural Guide so as to prevent a person outside the room with reasonable access to the wall from overhearing a conversation at normal level within the room without the use of hearing instruments or equipment. (See Section 0110-99.10, Secure Conference Rooms, for additional requirements for soundproofing of secure conference rooms.) Finishes Page 9-6 DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 0950-99.11 Secure Offices Walls, ceilings, and doors of offices or rooms constituting security area perimeters where classified information is discussed, handled, or processed on a recurring or routine basis shall be constructed of materials of low sound conductivity, or shall otherwise be acoustically treated in accordance with DOE 5636.3A and DOE TSCM Procedural Guide, so as to prevent a person outside the room with reasonable access to the wall from overhearing a conversation at normal level within the room without the use of hearing instruments or equipment. (See Section 0110-99.11, secure Offices, for additional requirements for soundproofing of secure offices.) 0965 RESILIENT FLOORING Resilient flooring installation shall comply with the RFCI Recommended Work Procedures for Resilient Floor Covering. Where seamless sheet flooring is required, seams shall be sealed in accordance with ASTM F693. Electrically conductive floors shall comply with UL 779. 0968 C a r p e t Carpet shall comply with CRI Garpet Specifiers Handbook and CRI Standard for Installation of Textile Floor Covering Materials. Flame spread shall not be greater than 75 when tested in accordance with ASTM E84. For computer facilities, flame spread shall not be greater than 25 per DOE/EP 0108. Flame propagation index shall be less than 4.0 when tested in accordance with UL 992, or the minimum average critical radiant flux shall be 0.45 watt per square centimeter when tested in accordance with ASTM E648.

0970 SPECIAL FLOORING 0970-1 RESINOUS FLOORING Industrial resinous flooring (seamless coating) and conductive spark-proof industrial resinous flooring shall comply with NTMA requirements. Finishes 4-6-89 DOE 6430.1A Page 9-7 0970-2 CONDUCTIVE FLOORING Conductive flooring shall comply with Section 1660-99.4.3, Static Electricity. 0970-99 SPECIAL FACILITIES 0970-99.4 Exlosives Facilities In addition to the requirements of Chapter II Section 7.5 of DOE/EV 06194, a resilient floor covering shall be installed in all HE bays (including explosives-plutonium bays) where uncased HE components are handled. Open joints that might trap HE particles shall be avoided. The resilient floor covering used shall be one that has been found to be acceptable in either the LANL or LLNL skid tests. Information can be obtained from the WX Division, LANL, or the Hazards Control Department, 0980 SPECIAL COATINGS LLNL. Special coatings shall comply with the following guides: AA Aluminum Finishes for Architecture AA Finishes for Aluminum in Building NAAMM Metal Finishes Manual PCA Clear Coatings for Exposed Architectural Concrete PCA Effect of Substances on Concrete and Guide to Protective Treatment PCA Surface Treatments for Concrete Floors NCMA Waterproofing Coatings for Concrete Masonry ACI Guide to the Use of Waterproofing, Dampproofing, Protective, and Decorative Barrier Systems for Concrete 0990 PAINTING Painting shall comply with PDCA Architectural Painting and Wall Covering Manual. Painting of concrete shall comply with PCA Painting Concrete. Finishes Page 9-8 0995 WALL COVERINGS Wall coverings shall conform to NFPA DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 101. Painting shall comply with PDCA Architectural Painting and Wall Covering Manual. DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 1015 Specialties Page 10-1 Division 10 Specialties COMPARTMENTS AND CUBICLES Where significant moisture is normally present (such as in shower rooms, drying rooms, and dishwashing rooms), compartments and cubicles shall not use the following: Hardboard facings Unimpregnated paper honeycomb cores Paper honeycomb cores with foam plastic fill or vermiculite fill 1020 LOUVERS AND VENTS Lowers and vents located in potentially corrosive environments, such as in close proximity to saltwater or in areas of acid rain, shall be corrosion-resistant or protected against corrosion. For louvers and vents that are a part of a mechanical system, see Division 15, Mechanical. 1024 GRILLES AND SCREENS Grilles and screens located in potentially corrosive environments, such as in close proximity to saltwater or in areas of acid rain, shall be corrosion-resistant or protected against corrosion. For grilles and screens that are a part of a mechanical system, see Division 15, Mechanical. Specialties Page 10-2 DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 1027 ACCESS FLOORING An LCC analysis of raked access flooring shall be made to determine its use. The design and construction of raised access flooring shall comply with UBC Chapter 23 and DOE/EP 0108. A continuous IAS shall be provided for occupiable spaces below raised access flooring within protected areas and, as required by the site-specific security plan, within limited and exclusion areas. 1030 FIREPLACES AND STOVES Fireplaces and stoves shall be tested and listed by UL or similar nationally accredited testing laboratories. 1040 IDENTIFYING DEVICES 1040-1 GENERAL

Identifying devices for buildings and facilities, including site and street facilities, shall comply with the DOE Design Guide. This standard shall not apply to displays or related areas in the graphic arts. Identifying devices shall be informational and shall provide direction, identification, and regulation. To accommodate future changes, identifying devices shall incorporate flexibility, and identifying device components and materials shall be commercially available, nonproprietary products. Exterior identifyng devices located in potentially corrosive environments, such as in close proximity to saltwater or in areas of acid rain, shall be corrosion-resistant or protected against corrosion. 1040.2 NAMING DOE BUILDINGS AFTER INDIVIDUALS The individual or individuals for which the building is named must be deceased. The individual or individuals for which the building will be named shall be preeminent persons who have contributed substantially to the advancement of the activities being performed in the building, to the functional areas for which the site is responsible, or to other related fields where some relationship to the activity or to the site can be established. DOE 6430.1A Specialties 4-6-89 Page 10-3 The chain of approval shall be as follows: 1) nomination by the Director of the site, 2) concurrence by the DOE Operations Office Manager, 3) concurrence by the Headquarters program sponsor office, 4) concurrent by Congressional Affairs to determine if any Congressional notification is necessary, and 5) approval by the Secretary of Energy. All Headquarters action shall be coordinated by the Director of Administration. 1050 LOCKERS Where significant moisture is normally present (such as in shower rooms, drying rooms, and dishwashing rooms), lockers shall not use the following Hardboard facings Unimpregnated paper honeycomb cores Paper 1052 honeycomb cores with foam plastic fill or vermiculite fill FIRE PROTECTION SPECIALTIES Fire protection specialties shall be tested and listed by UL or similar nationally accredited testing laboratories or approved by FM or similar national insurance organizations. Requirements for portable fire extinguishers appear in Section 1530-7, Portable Fire Extinguishers. 1053 PROTECTIVE COVERS Protective covers located in potentially corrosive environments, such as in close proximity to saltwater or in areas of acid rain, shall be corrosion-resistant or protected against corrosion. 1055 POSTAL SPECIALTIES USPS standards shall govern the selection and installation of postal equipment to be used by USPS. 1060 PARTITIONS Where significant moisture is normally present (such as in shower rooms, drying rooms, and dishwashing rooms), partitions shall not use the following: Specialties Page 10-4 DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Hardboard facings Unimpregnated paper honeycomb cores Paper honeycomb cores with foam plastic fill or vermiculite fill 1065 OPERABLE PARTITIONS Where significant moisture is normally present (such as in shower rooms, drying rooms, and dishwashing rooms), operable partitions shall not use the following Hardboard facing Unimpregnated paper honeycomb cores Paper honeycomb cores with foam plastic fill or vermiculite fill Operable partitions shall comply with Division 9, Finishes, and Section 1260, Furniture and Accessories. 1070 EXTERIOR SUN CONTROL DEVICES

The type and use of exterior sun control devices for natural illumination and solar control shall be determined in the energy conservation analysis discussed in Section 0110-12, Energy Conservation. Exterior sun control devices located in potentially corrosive environments, such as in close proximity to saltwater or in areas of acid rain, shall be corrosive-resistant or protected against corrosion. 1075 TELEPHONE FACILITIES Telephone specialties shall be listed by UL or similar nationally accredited testing laboratories. 1080 TOILET AND BATH ACCESSORIES In public and employee toilet rooms, accessories attached to toilet partitions shall be through-bolted to partitions. Die-cast zinc alloy accessories shall not be used, except as toilet paper holder doors. DOE 6430.1A Specialties 4-6-89 Pago 10-5 (and 10-6) Only double toilet tissue holders shall be uesd. In facilities required to be accessible to physially handicapped persons, bathroom accessories shall comply with UFAS. DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Equipment Page 11-1 1100 Division 11 Equipment GENERAL Equipment specifications shall reflect standard, commercially available equipment that allows a reasonable range of competitive bidding. At least three companies shall be capable of manufacturing equipment. In addition, major equipment, e.g., boilers and chillers, shall have had a satisfactory commercial or industrial operational experience of at least 6,000 operating hours prior to bid opening. Special equipment that is not a standard product of a recognized manufacturer or is not offered competitively shall not be used unless it complies with 48 CFR 10. Full-load and part-load energy efficiencies shall be given special consideration in evaluating equipment performance. (Refer to ASHRAE Standard 90 and Section 0110-12, Energy Conservation). All air-conditioning equipment shall comply with applicable ARI standards as a minimum requirement. 1161 ENCLOSURES 1161-1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Enclosures as used here are physical barriers (eg., cubicles, gloveboxes, fume hoods, conveyor tunnels) that, together with their ventilation and operating systems, prevent the release of radioactive or other hazardous material to the work space or the environment. Accordingly, their structural and confinement integrity shall be primary design consideration. DOE project manager shall provide the design professional criteria on the location, size, fume imposition, and operating schedule for enclosures. Unless more specific design guidance is provided to the design professional from DOE project manager, the primary reference source shall be the ACGIH Industrial Ventilation Manual. The design objective shall be to prevent exposure of the plant personnel to airborne contamination and shall implement ALARA concepts as practical to minimize operator Equipment DOE 6430.1A Page 11-2 4-6-89 exposures. The enclosure system, including its internal and external support structures, shall be designed to withstand the effects of normal operating conditions and the environment. Also, DBAs such as fire, explosion, criticality, and natural phenomena shall be considered in the design of the enclosure. Enclosure stability during a seismic event shall be based on the seismic parameters described in Section 0111-99.0.4, Earthquakes. The criticality considerations should include water or other liquid sources, potential liquid level in the enclosure (during operations or fire fighting), and drains to limit liquid level in the enclosure.

Where practical and without penetrating the enclosure, all equipment components not functionally required to operate directly in the presence of radioactive materials shall be located outside the enclosure. All equipment that must be located within the enclosure shall be designed to allow for in-place maintenance and/or replacement. The design and operation of support and protection systems, such as fire protection, shall not promote the failure of the enclosure system integrity or the loss of confinement. 1161-2 CONSTRUCTION Noncombustible or fire-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials shall be used for enclosures and, to the maximum extent practicable, for any required radiation shielding. In no case shall the total combustible loading located in a fire area exceed the fire resistance rating of the structural envelope (see Section 0110-99.0.6, Fire Resistance). This shall be documented in a fire risk analysis performed according to a methodology approved by the DOE Fire Protection Authority. This analysis should include estimated fire area combustible loadings, ventilation parameters, room dimensions, maximum average gas temperature, fire duration, maximum average heat flux, and the calculational method used. Enclosures (except open-face hoods) shall be designed with the objective of being leak-tight. In conjunction with their ventilation systems, all enclosures shall be capable of maintaining confinement (i.e., negative pressure with respect to the surrounding operating area). Without their associated ventilation systems enclosures shall be designed with appropriate physical features to provide an essentially leak-tight confinement (except open-face hoods, which shall provide filtered confinement) for the contaminants they handle. Enclosure specifications should include the following standardized features, where applicable: Windows and mountings Glove ports (size, location and height) Ease of cleaning (radius corners, smooth interior and exterior surfaces, minimal protuberanas, and accessibility of all parts) Adequate interior illumination (from fixtures mounted on the exterior where feasible) Connections for services lines, conduits, instrument leads and ductwork Fire barriers and filter installation DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Equipment Page 11-3 Sample removal ports Pressure differential readouts Attachments for interconnection of enclosures Appropriately sized and located windows shall be part of the enclosure design to provide operators with visual access to the enclosure interior. Viewing windows in enclosures shall as small as practicable. The windows shall be constricted of noncombustible or approved fire-resistant materials as specified in Section 0727, Firestopping. Consideration shall be given to resistance of the selected material to impact and radiation damage. The use of Mylar-glass laminates shall be considered for use as viewing windows and lighting fixture be covers where hydrofluoric acid environments are present. Window design shall be such that it will enable replacement with minimum risk of releasing contamination to the working area. The selection of appropriate window material shall be based on specific process, combustible loading, and radiological safety considerations.

Glove ports shall be located to facilitate both operations and maintenance work inside the enclosure. They shall have flexible gloves attached to allow operating personnel access to all interior surfaces and equipment. They shall be designed to allow replacement of gloves without losing contamination control and with minimum exposure to the operator. When gloves are not in place, a noncombustible shield or cover for each glove port shall be provided. To reduce migration of contamination, closure devices or permanent seals shall be provided on entrances and exits of piping, ducts, or conduits penetrating confinement barriers. Such closures or seals shall have an integrity equal to or greater than the barrier itself. Where pertinent to safety, the enclosure design shall consider the heat generation in the enclosure. Such heat sources may be from processes, lighting, and the decay of radioactive material. Consideration of radioactive material as a heat source is particularly applicable to storage enclosures. Consideration shall be given to incorporating transfer systems such as a double-door, sealed transfer system for removal of hazardous material from a glove box. Various types of removal and transfer systems appear in IAEA Safety Series No. 30. These systems are designed to allow entry and removal of material without breaching the integrity of the glove box. Consideration shall be given to modular instruction, versatility, relocation, and incorporation of shielding. Structural support shall be provided to accommodate any anticipated loading resulting from shielding. The design professional shall consider techniques for limiting size to anticipate limitations on the dimensions of packing crates for disposal (e.g., current DOE criteria limit the size of TRU containers that will be accepted at the WIPP repository to 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 7 ft.). Discrete work stations or process areas shall be separated from each other by a barrier designed to prevent the spread of fire based on safety analysis review. Generally, the fire barriers within and between enclosures will be normally closed. Where operations require that the fire barrier be in the open position, it shall automatically close on activation of the Equipment DOE 6430.1A Page 11-4 4-6-89 fire detection system or by release of a fusible device. Design of the enclosure system shall allow automatic closure of the fire barrier without loss of confinement, without degradation of the enclosure system’s integrity, and without injury to personnel. The fire barrier shall be capable of being opened or closed manually from the exterior and interior of the enclosure. Allowable open area around a fire barrier shall be minimized. 1161-3 FIRE PROTECTION Automatic fire suppression provisions shall comply with Section 1530-99, Special Facilities. When an automatic fire suppression system is mandatory and protection against losS from fire originating within the enclosure system is required, a highly reliable, fast-acting system shall be provided. Instead of such a system, an inert atmosphere can be used within the enclosure, provided its reliability is commensurate with an approved fire suppression system (e.g., dedicated gas supply, component quality, and redundancy where appropriate). The oxygen concentration shall be less than the minimum concentration that would allow ignition or combustion of the enclosure contents. Where automatic systems are not required, fire detection shall be installed. Provisions shall also be made for manual fire suppression where deemed necessary. Fire detection systems shall be integrated with any central alarm location and any associated automatic fire suppression systems.

1161-4 VENTILATION A ventilation system shall be installed on all enclosure systems to maintain a minimum negative pressure differential of 0.3 in. of water inside the enclosure (except open-face hoods) with respect to the operating area. Open-face hoods shall be ventilated such that flow from the operating area into the hood is maintained. Safety class items of the ventilation system shall be supplied with emergency power. Failure of any single component or control function shall not compromise minimum adequate ventilation. The design professional shall consider the possible necessity to remove moisture, heat, and explosive and corrosive gases, as well as other contaminants. Perchloric acid fume exhaust systems shall comply with NFPA 45, Chapter 6. HEPA filters shall be provided at the interface of the enclosure outlet and the ventilation system to minimize the contamination of ductwork and at the enclosure inlet to prevent movement of contamination within the enclosure to the operating area in the event of a flow reversal. A roughing filter should be installed to reduce HEPA filter loading. The system shall be designed to automatically ensure adequate inflow of air through a credible breach in the enclosure system. Minimum inward air velocity shall be 125 plus or minus 25 linear ft/ min or as determined from guidance provided in the ACGIH Industrial Ventilation Manual The design of the enclosure ventilation flow pattern shall minimize the spread of fire, and fire screens shall be provided where necessary. For enclosures where overpressurization is possible, a system shall be provided to ensure that confinement is not breached. Small enclosure systems with positive-pressure supplied gases shall have positive-acting, pressure-relief devices (connected into the exhaust system) to prevent pressurization of the enclosure. DOE 6430.1A Equipment 4-6-89 Page 11-5 (and 11-6) Hood faces shall not be located within 10 ft. of the closest air supply or exhaust point. Hoods shall not be located in or along normal traffic routes. An open-faced hood shall be designed and located to provide a minimum air velocity of 125 plus or minus 25 linear ft/ min over the hood face area. A hood should not be used in a location where room air currents of >50 linear ft/min at the face of the hood will disrupt uniform air entrance. All open-face hoods shall be designed to provide appropriate face velocity to ensure capture of contaminants in the hood exhaust (see the ACGIH Industrial Ventilation Manual). Exhaust air from a hood shall not be recirculated to occupied areas. 1161-5 OPERATIONAL COMPATIBILITY Shielding, shape, size, and any other pertinent design criteria for all enclosures, glove boxes, conveyor tunnels, hoods, and process equipment should be coordinated with operations requirements to ensure continuity and performance of operations; and by the Safeguards and Security Group (function) to ensure that SNM control and accountability considerations have been considered along with other DOE physical protection requirements (DOE 5632 series). DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Furnishings Page 12-1 Division 12 Furnishings 1201 GENERAL The renewal of fire retardant coatings as required by NFPA 101, Chapter 31, shall be included in LCC calculations. Furnishings shall be designed and constructed to exclude or prevent the escape of emissions from volatile organic compounds, such as formaldehyde, and combinations of volatile organic compounds that have been determined to be a health hazard.

1230 MANUFACTURED CASEWORK The design of manufactured casework shall consider competitive types using standard stock sizes, materials, and finishes; modules and dimensionally interchangeable elements; and construction tolerances. The design of manufactured casework for use with radioactive materials shall consider radioactive shielding requirements. 1250 WINDOW TREATMENT Window treatments shall comply with NFPA The type and use of window treatments with 101, Chapter 310 respect to natural illumination and solar control shall be determined in the energy conservation analysis; see Section 0110-12, Energy Conservation, and Division 15, Mechanical. Where window treatments are used as a part of the acoustical treatment, or are to be used where acoustical treatment is required, such as in open offices or landscaped offices, they shall be included in the acoustical analysis; see Section 0950, Acoustical Treatment. Furnishings Page 12-2 DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 1250-1 DRAPERY AND CURTAIN HARDWARE Drapery and curtain hardware shall comply with UL 325. 1260 FURNITURE AND ACCESSORIES 1260-1 LANDSCAPE PARTITIONS AND COMPONENTS Office landscape partitions and components shall comply with NFPA 101, Chapter 31, and UBC Chapter 17. Where office landscape partitions and components are used, they shall be included in the acoustical analysis, see Section 0950, Acoustical Treatment. They shall also be included in the analysis and design of natural and artificial illumination; see Section 0110-12, Energy Conservation, and Section 1655, Interior Lighting. Office landscape partitions and components shall be designed to accommodate task lighting when it is determined that task lighting is necessary; see Section 1655, Interior Lighting. 1260-2 FURNITURE Furniture shall comply with NFPA 101, Chapter 31 (sections concerning finishings, decorations, and treated finishes), and UBC Chapter 17 for folding, portable, and movable partitions. 1260-3 FURNITURE SYSTEMS Furniture systems shall comply with NFPA 101, Chapter 31 (sections concerning finishings, decorations, and treated finishes), and UBC Chapter 17 for folding, portable, and movable partitions. Where furniture systems are used, they shall be included in the acoustical analysis, and in the analysis and design of natural and artificial illumination; see Section 0950, Acoustical Treatment, and Section 1655, Interior Lighting. 1260-4 RUGS AND MATS Rugs and mats shall comply as furnishings with NFPA 101, Chapter 31 (sections concerning finishings, decorations, and treated finishes), in all occupancy classifications except those of storage and industrial. Rugs and mats used in storage or industrial occupancies shall have a critical radiant flux not less than the following: 4-6-89 DOE 6430.1A Division 13 Special Facilities 1300 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1300-1 COVERAGE AND OBJECTIVES 1300-1.1 Coverage Special facilities as used in Division 13 include the following: Nuclear facilities as defined in the Glossary and in DOE 5480.5 Special Facilities Page 13-1 Explosives facilities The criteria in this section of Division 13 (Section 1300, General Requirements) apply to all nonreactor nuclear facilities and to explosives facilities. Subsequent sections provide additional criteria that are applicable to specific types of nonreactor nuclear facilities and to explosives facilities. (Reactors and their safety systems shall be sited and designed according to DOE 5480.6.)

There may be some facilities for which these criteria are not sufficient and for which additional criteria must be satisfied in the interest of safety. Also, some criteria may be determined by safety analysis to be unnecessary or inappropriate for a specific facility. For facilities such as these, departures from the criteria shall be identified and justified. See Section 0101-2, Criteria Deviations. 1300-1.2 Using Division 13 The other divisions of these criteria correspond to the CSI MASTERFORMAT organization, which reflects the major building systems and design specialties. Criteria for special facilities in those divisions appear under a “-99” system. For example, Division 15, Mechanical, contains mechanical criteria that apply to all DOE facilities, both non-special and special. Mechanical criteria for all facilities are numbered 15xx. In addition, mechanical criteria that apply only to special facilities are numbered 15xx-99. Within the -99 sections in the various divisions, facility types are designated by the following numbers: 99.0, Nonreactor Nuclear Facilities–General DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Special Facilities Page 13-2 99.1, Laboratory Facilities (Including Hot Laboratories) 99.2, Emergency Preparedness Facilities 99.3, Plutonium Processing and Handling Facilities 99.4, Explosives Facilities 99.5, Unirradiatad Enriched Uranium Storage Facilities 99.6, Plutonium Storage Facilities 99.7, Occupational Health Facilities 99.8, Telecommunications, Alarm, and ADP Centers and Radio Repeater Stations 99.9, Vaults and Vault-Type Rooms for Storage of Classified Matter 99. 10, Secure Conference Rooms 99.11, Secure Offices 99.12, Uranium Enrichment Facilities 99.13, 99.14, 99.15, 99.16, 99.17, 99.18, 99.19, 99.20, Uranium Processing and Handling Facilities Irradiated Fissile Material Storage Facilities Reprocessing Facilities Uranium Conversion and Recovery Facilities Radioactive Liquid Waste Facilities Radioactive Solid Waste Facilities Tritium Facilities Fusion Facilities The remaining sections of Division 13 cover nonreactor nuclear facilities (which as used here includes laboratory facilities/hot laboratories) and explosives facilities criteria that do not relate to the major building systems or other design specialties covered in the other divisions. When designing these facilities, Division 13 criteria shall be applied in addition to applicable criteria in other divisions. Design criteria for nonreactor nuclear facilities and explosives facilities thus appear in three places: DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 In the conventional sections of criteria on HVAC systems that Special Facilities Page 13-3 the other criteria divisions-e.g., Section 1550 provides apply to all DOE facilities. In the -99.0, -99.1, and -99.4 sections of the non-Division 13 divisions-e.g., Sections 1550-99.0 and 1550-99.4 provide additional criteria on HVAC systems that apply only to nonreactor nuclear facilities and explosives facilities, respectively. In Division 13-e.g., special criteria that do not relate to the building systems and design specialties covered in the other criteria divisions See Section 0101-3, Organization and Use of These Criteria. 1300-1.3 Objectives The design of special facilities shall:

Protect the public and facility personnel from hazards associated with the use of radioactive and other hazardous materials as a result of normal operations, anticipated operational occurrences, and DBA conditions, including the effects of natural phenomena pertinent to the site, and maintain these effects ALARA Ensure compliance with DOE policies regarding nuclear safety, criticality safety, radiation safety, explosives safety, industrial safety, fire protection, environmental protection, and Safeguards and Security (S&S) protection for special nuclear material Protect government property and essential operations from the effects of potential accidents Minimize exposures of personnel and the general public to hazardous materials by emphasizing ALARA concerns during all design, construction, and operational phases of special facilities The design of new or modification of existing special facilities shall address the health hazards represented by all hazardous materials in enclosures, general work areas, and noncontaminated areas. The release of hazardous materials under normal operating conditions and anticipated operational upset occurrences shall be designed to be less than release guideline limits contained in applicable orders, regulations, and requirements. In addition, to the extent practical, such releases shall be maintained ALARA. Consideration shall be given to the frequency of occurrence and the effects of DBAs in the design features of special facilities. The depth of the risk analysis involved in this consideration should be in some measure proportional to the level of risk at the facility under consideration. Protection of employees within the facility and at nearby facilities shall be a requirement in all aspects of the design. Protection shall be provided for normal operation and for those accidents that can be anticipated as occurring during the facility lifetime such as radioactive material spills and small fires controlled by the facility fire suppression system. Occupational Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-4 4-6-89 exposure to radiation shall be limited according to DOE 5480.11. Design goals shall be established to maintain radiation exposure of employees ALARA. The nature of the hazardous materials in the facility, including radionuclides, shall be considered in the assessment of potential employee exposure. For mixed-use facilities, such as those combining PPHFs and PSFs, the design of either part of that facility shall not jeopardize the safety requirements of the other. 1300-1.4 Guidance on Limiting Exposure of the Public 1300-1.4.1 General The confinement of hazardous materials produced, shall be designed to minimize dose to a maximally 1300-1.4.2 Accidental Releases processed, or stored in special facilities exposed member of the public. Releases of hazardous materials postulated to occur as a result of DBAs shall be limited by designing facilities such that at least one confinement system remains fully functional following any credible DBA (i.e., unfiltered/unmitigated releases of hazardous levels of such materials shall not be allowed following such accidents). Facility design shall provide attenuation features for postulated accidents (up to and including DBAs) that preclude offsite releases that would cause doses in excess of the DOE 5400 series limits for public exposure. To the extent practical, ALARA concepts shall be applied when designing special facilities to mitigate post-DBA releases of hazardous materials. For facilities whose hazard potential is determined to be extremely low, deviations from the criteria of this section may be considered in accordance with Section 0101-2, Criteria Deviations.

1300-1.4.3 Routine Releases The annual dose resulting from postulated, planned, or expected releases from the proposed facility shall be considered in combination with the annual doses resulting from planned or expected releases from other facilities at the same site. The sum of the doses from the site shall be limited according to DOE Radiation Standards of Protection of the Public in the Vicinity of DOE Facilities or subsequent guidance included in the directive on Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment in the DOE 5400 series. 1300-1.4.4 Monitoring of Releases Releases shall be monitored in accordance with the directive on Radiological Effluent Monitoring and Environmental Surveillance in the DOE 5400 series. 1300-2 SAFETY ANALYSIS Safety analysis shall comply with DOE 5481.1B. See also Section 0110-5.2, Safety Analysis. Special Facilities Page 13-5 DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 1300-3 SAFETY CLASS CRITERIA 1300-3.1 General Special facility components, systems, and structures shall be designed, fabricated, erected, and tested to standards and quality commensurate with the hazards and potential consequences associated with both the facility and the role of each component, system, and structure in mitigating the consequences of DBAs. 1300-3.2 Safety Class Items Safety class items are systems, components, and structures, including portions of process systems, whose failure could adversely affect the environment or the safety and health of the public. Specifically, safety class items are those systems, components, and structures with the following characteristics: Those whose failure would produce exposure consequences that would exceed the guidelines in Section 1300-1.4, Guidance on Limiting Exposure of the Public, at the site boundary or nearest point of public access Those required to maintain operating parameters within the safety limits specified in the OSRs during normal operations and anticipated operational occurrences Those required for nuclear criticality safety Those required to and after a DBA Those required to monitor the release of radioactive materials to the environment during achieve and maintain the facility in a safe shutdown condition Those that control the safety class items described above DOE/TIC 11603, Rev. 1, presents examples of safety classification of plant systems, structures, and components in its appendixes, however, for comparable sections in DOE/TIC 11603, Rev. 1, and DOE 6430.1A. the design criteria in DOE 6430.1A shall govern. Safety class items shall be subject to appropriately higher-quality design, fabrication, and industrial test standards and codes such as those specified in Section 0106, Regulatory Requirements, and Section 0109, Reference Standards and Guides, to increase the reliability of the item and allow credit to be taken for its capabilities in a safety analysis. Safety class items shall be designed to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (Section III, Class II) or to other comparable safety-related codes and standards that are appropriate for the system being designed. Safety class and non-safety class items shall comply with Section 0140, Quality Assurance. The design of systems, components and structures that are not safety class items shall, as a minimum, be subject to conventional industrial design standards, codes, and quality standards. Failure of these items shall not adversely affect the environment or the safety and health of the public. In addition, their failure shall not prevent safety class items from performing their required functions.

Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-6 4-6-89 1300-3.3 Single Failure Criterion and Redundancy The design shall ensure that a single failure (see Glossary) does not result in the loss of capability of a safety class system to accomplish its required safety functions. To protect against single failures, the design shall include appropriate redundancy and shall consider diversity to minimize the possibility of concurrent common-mode failures of redundant items. 1300-3.4 Equipment Environment Considerations 1300-3.4.1 General Safety class items shall be designed to withstand the effects of, and be compatible with, the environmental conditions associated with operation, maintenance, shutdown, testing, and accidents. The environmental capability of equipment shall be demonstrated by appropriate testing, analysis, and operating experience, or other methods that can be supported by auditable documentation, or a combination of these methods. 1300-3.4.2 Environmental Qualification of Equipment Equipment qualification shall provide assurance that safety class items will be capable of performing required safety functions under DBA conditions. The qualification shall demonstrate that the equipment can at least perform for the period of time that its safety functions are required. Subsequent equipment failure, after its safety function is no longer required, may be allowable. Temperature, pressure, and humidity environments shall be based on the most severe postulated accident affecting the particular item. The postulated environment shall reflect an environment that considers both radiological composition (e.g., elements, isotopics, total radioactivity) and chemical composition (e.g., abrasives, acids, smoke, caustic vapors) of all material physical forms likely to affect the equipment. 1300-3.4.3 Equipment Operability Qualification Testing or a combination of testing and analysis shall be the preferred method of demonstrating the operability of fluid system components, mechanical equipment, instrumentation, and electrical equipment that are required to operate during and following a DBE. Seismic experience data may be used as an alternative to testing or dynamic analysis where. such data have been documented and validated. See Section 0111-99.0, Nonreactor Nuclear Facilities-General. 1300-3.5 Maintenance The design shall consider the maintainability factors peculiar to the specific equipment to be used in the facility. Facility design shall provide for routine maintenance, repair, or replacement of equipment subject to failure. Safety class items shall be designed to allow inspection, maintenance, and testing to ensure their continued functioning, readiness for operation, and accuracy. Ancillary equipment, such 4-6-89 DOE 6430.1A Special Facilities Page 13-7 as pumps, blowers, motors, compressors, gear trains, and controls, shall be located in an area least likely to be contaminated. The design of equipment that must be located within confinement systems shall allow for in- place maintenance or replacement. The capability shall be provided for the maintenance of contaminated equipment that cannot be repaired in place. This capability shall include the necessary provisions for confinement, ventilation, and waste control. The design of all process equipment shall include features to minimize self-contamination of the equipment, piping, and confinement areas. The design of process equipment shall also include features to minimize the spread of contamination out of local areas.

Testing1300-3.6 The design shall include provisions for periodic testing of monitoring, surveillance, and alarm systems. In addition, the design shall provide the capability to test periodically, under simulated emergency conditions, safety class items that are required to function under emergency conditions. All systems for which credit is taken to meet the criteria of Section 1300-1.4.2, Accidental Releases, shall be in-place testable in terms of pressure, filtration or removal efficiency, alarm capability, leak resistance, and the like. Safety class items shall be designed to be testable on a regular schedule. The facility design shall allow for outlined by ASME N510. routine in-place testing of HEPA filtration systems as 1300-4 NUCLEAR CRITICALITY SAFETY An assessment of a design shall be made as early as practical to determine if the potential for nuclear criticality exists. When such potential exists, the design of nuclear criticality control provisions, including equipment and procedures, shall meet, as a minimum, the requirements of DOE 5480.5 and the ANS 8 series on Nuclear Criticality Safety. Nuclear criticality safety shall be achieved by exercising control over both the quantity and distribution of all fissile materials and other materials capable of sustaining a chain reaction, and over the quantities, distributions, and nuclear properties of all other materials with which the fissile materials and other materials capable of sustaining a chain reaction are associated. Design considerations for establishing such controls shall be mass, density, geometry, moderation, reflection, enrichment, interaction, material types, and nuclear poison. The design shall ensure that material shall not be displaced or allowed to accumulate to form a critical mass in the event of an internal or external accident. The design shall emphasize geometrically favorable compartments or spacing to minimize reliance on administrative control, and shall prevent the unsafe accumulation of moderator or reflection materials (e.g., water from a fire sprinkler system). Also, heating or cooling jackets in the Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-8 4-6-89 safe dimension of geometrically safe vessels shall preclude a leak in the jacket that causes an increase in the system’s reactivity. Process designs shall incorporate sufficient factors of safety so that at least two unlikely and independent concurrent changes must occur in process conditions before a criticality accident is possible. Structures, systems, and components that provide nuclear criticality safety shall be designed as safety class systems and be capable of performing their criticality safety functions during and following design basis accidents and events. A criticality monitoring and alarm system (gamma and/or neutron) shall be provided where necessary to meet the requirements of DOE 5480.5 and ANS 8.3. Nuclear criticality safety shall be controlled, in decreasing priority, by geometric spacing, density and/or mass limitation, fixed neutron absorber, soluble neutron absorber, and administrative control. The design of the facility shall emphasize engineered safeguards and shall not rely strictly on administrative controls. Process systems shall be designed to prevent the carryover of fissile material and other material capable of sustaining a chain reaction from geometrically favorable portions of the facility to other areas.

A system of positive control and backflow prevention, such as air gaps (siphon breakers) shall be used to prevent inadvertent transfer of fissile material and other material capable of sustaining a chain reaction from geometrically favorable or poisoned containers to unsafe containers. Locations where a potential critical mass could occur in the event of accidental flooding by water from fire protection systems shall be protected by geometrically favorable curbed areas or collection systems. Where frequency estimates for a specific operation at a specific location shows the frequency of a criticality accident to exceed 10-6 per year, the combination of shield design and facility layout shall minimize radiation doses to adjacent work stations and exit routes. Egress routes shall be provided that take into account the locations where postulated criticality accidents would normally be expected to occur. The design objective should be to provide escape routes that have the lowest potential for radiation exposure to exiting personnel. For facilities where the design cannot avoid evacuation through areas of potentially high exposure, the use of additional shielding in such areas shall be considered. All barriers along egress routes shall be designed to allow crash exiting of evacuating personnel (i.e., operator safety should take priority over security concerns). 1300-5 SOURCE AND SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL When the safety analysis identifies the source and SNM that will be handled, the criteria for the most hazardous material shall be applied to the design. The criteria of ANSI N16.1 shall apply. In-process source or SNM shall be stored in storage containers to be approved by facility management, and simple physical barriers shall be used to segregate materials and provide a level of confinement and safety consistent with the hazard of the material. See also DOE 6430.1A Special Facilities Page 13-94-6-89 Section 1300-10, Physical Protection, Material Safeguards, and Storage of Special Nuclear Material. 1300-6 RADIATION PROTECTION 1300-6.1 General Special facilities shall be designed to minimize personnel exposures to external and internal radiological hazards, provide adequate radiation monitoring and alarm systems, and provide adequate space for health physics activities. Primary radiation protection shall be provided by the use of engineered controls (e.g., confinement, ventilation, remote handling, equipment layout, and shielding); secondary radiation protection shall be provided by administrative control. ALARA concepts shall be applied to minimize exposures where cost-effective. 1300-6.2 Shielding Design The shielding design basis shall be to limit the maximum exposure to an individual worker to one-fifth of the annual occupational external exposure limits specified in DOE 5480.11. Within this design basis, personnel exposures shall be maintained ALARA. Specifically, the shielding shall be designed with the objective of limiting the total EDE to less than 1 rem per year to workers, based on their predicted exposure time in the normally occupied area. The EDE shall be the sum of all contributing external penetrating radiation (gamma and neutron), In addition, appropriate shielding shall be installed, if necessary, to minimize nonpenetrating external radiation exposures to the skin and lens of the eye of the worker. In most cases, the confinement barrier or process equipment provides this shielding.

Shielding and other radiation protection measures shall be provided for areas requiring intermittent access, such as for preventive maintenance, component changes, adjustment of systems and equipment, and so forth. The projected dose rates based on occupancy, time, and frequency of exposure shall not exceed 1 rem/y. Concrete radiation shielding design shall comply with ANS 6.4 and ACI 349 and shall consider the material specifications of ANS 6.4.2 where it provides a critical confinement or structural function. For other shields, ACI 318 is appropriate and provides adequate strength for DBE loads. Straightline penetration of shield walls shall be avoided to prevent radiation streaming. 1300-6.3 Hand and Forearm Protection Remote shielded operation (i.e., with remote handling equipment such as remote manipulators) shall be considered where it is anticipated that exposures to hands and forearms would otherwise approach the dose guidance in 5480.11 or where contaminated puncture wounds could occur. DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Special Facilities Page 13-10 1300-6.4 Internal Radiation Exposure The design shall ensure that occupied operating areas do not exceed the airborne concentration limits of the DOE 5480 series for normal operating conditions. In addition, to the extent practical, the concept of ALARA shall be used when designing confinement and ventilation systems to limit airborne contamination levels. The design shall ensure that respirators are not required to meet the dose limits for normal operations. Engineered controls and features shall also be provided to minimize potential inhalation of radioactive and other hazardous materials under all conditions. 1300-6.5 Monitoring Warning and Alarm Systems 1300-6.5.1 General All monitoring systems shall be calibrated annually with appropriate national standards to ensure validity of reported values. Environmental monitoring is discussed in Section 1300-9, Effluent Control and Monitoring. All radiation monitoring, alarm, and warning systems that are required to function during a loss of normal power shall be provided with an emergency UPS (internal or external on-line) unless it is demonstrated that they can tolerate a temporary loss of function without losing needed data and they are provided with standby or emergency (switched) power. Determination of the power supply type and quality shall be based on the safety classification of the monitoring system or device. The sampling motivation (vacuum) shall be installed to the same requirement. 1300-6.5.2 Air Monitoring and Warning Systems Air monitoring and warning systems shall be installed in work areas where hazardous materials are stored or handled and where hazardous airborne particles or vapors may be present. Air sampling heads shall be located to provide a representative sample of potential airborne radioactive materials being breathed. Air monitoring systems shall comply with ANSI N13.1. 1300-6.5.3 Personnel Monitoring and Warning Devices Use of devices to warn personnel of possible contamination or other hazardous materials shall be evaluated and such devices shall be provided in accordance with this evaluation. Provisions shall be made for personnel monitoring devices, such as hand and foot counters, in the vicinity of work stations. Installed monitors (supplemented with personal monitoring methods if necessary) shall be used to monitor personnel exiting an operating area through access ways. CAMSs shall be provided to detect and to alarm at prescribed airborne radioactivity levels.

1300-6.5.4 Ionizing Radiation Monitoring System Where ionizing radiation is present (due to process material, equipment, or operations), an area radiation monitoring and alarm system shall be provided to alert personnel of unexpected increases in ionizing radiation levels. DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Special Facilities Page 13-11 1300-6.5.5 Warning and Alarm System Features Warning and alarm systems shall be designed, installed, and tested to ensure that they can be heard in the ambient conditions of the area they are intended to cover. Evacuation alarm systems shall comply with ANSI N2.3. 1300-6.5.6 Nuclear Accident Dosimetry Where there k the potential for a criticality excursion causing personnel exposures, nuclear accident dosimeters shall be provided with performance features and placement consistent with DOE 5480.11. 1300-6.5.7 Central Radiation Monitoring and Alarm Readout In addition to a local station alarm, radiation monitoring systems (criticality alarms, CAMSs, alarms associated with stack monitoring systems, and so on) shall have central (i.e., control room or radiation monitoring office) readout and alarm panels that are accessible after a DBA to evaluate internal conditions. 1300-6.6 Decontamination of Personnel Design shall provide for personnel decontamination facilities close to areas that represent sources of potential contamination. 1300-6.7 Meteorological Equipment Meteorological equipment shall be provided to measure and record wind speed and direction. Cosideration shall be given to the need for additional equipment to provide meteorological parameters such as humidity data and wind direction frequencies for heights related to the estimated heights at which stack effluents and cooling tower moisture will be dispersed. As necessary, special equipment for stack effluent dispersal and tracking shall be considered for installation. Central site meteorological monitoring capability shall be considered as a substitute for individual facility monitoring. 1300-6.8 Charge Rooms Men’s and women’s change rooms shall be provided for changing into and from protective clothing. These areas shall be adjacent to shower facilities. Change rooms shall be designed to ensure that clean clothing (e.g., personal clothing) and protective clothing are segregated. The design shall ensure that storage of contaminated protective clothing will control contamination so that it does not spread beyond the storage container. The change room exhaust air shall be HEPA-filtered if dispersible radionuclides are handled in the process areas it serves. 1300-6.9 Breathing Air System Operation and maintenance of special facilities may lead to situations (e.g., accidents, special maintenance, spill recovery) where air-supplied respiratory protection is required. Breathing air supply systems shall comply with ANSI Z88.2 and 29 CFR 1910.134. Special Facilities Page 13-12 1300-7 CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS 1300-7.1 Objectives Confinement systems shall accomplish the following: DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Minimize the spread of radioactive and other hazardous materials within the unoccupied process areas Prevent, if possible, or else minimize the spread of radioactive and other hazardous materials to occupied areas Minimize the release of radioactive and other hazardous materials in facility effluents during normal operation and anticipated operational occurrences

Limit the release of radioactive and other hazardous materials resulting from DBAs including severe natural phenomena and man-made events in compliance with the guidelines contained in Section 1300-1.4.2, Accidental Releases. 1300-7.2 General Confinement capabilities, including confinement barriers and associated ventilation systems, shall maintain a controlled, continuous airflow pattern from the environment into the confinement building, and then from noncontaminated areas of the building to potentially contaminated areas, and then to normally contaminated areas. For a specific nuclear facility, the number and arrangement of confinement barriers and their required design features and characteristics shall be determined on a case-by-case basis. Typical factors that affect confinement system design are the type, quantity, form, and conditions for dispersing the hazardous material, including the type and severity of DBAs. In addition, alternative process and facility designs may reduce the potential hazards and the requirements for confinement system design. Engineering evaluations, trade-offs, and experience shall be used to develop a practical design that achieves confinement system objectives. The number of confinement systems required in different locations of a facility may vary depending on the potential consequences from hazards during normal operation, anticipated operational occurrences, and DBAs. Although individual confinement systems are not required to withstand the effects of every accident, they shall effectively perform their required functions for the DBAs they are required to withstand. Sufficient redundancy shall be provided in the unlikely event of a confinement system failure. At least one of the confinement systems shall be designed to ensure that it can withstand the effects of severe natural phenomena and man-made events (see Section 0111-99.0, Nonreactor Nuclear Facilities-General), including the postulated DBAs and DBF initiated by these events, and remain functional to the extent that the guidelines of Section 1300-1.4.2 Accidental Releases, are not violated. The adequacy of the design of these confinement systems to effectively perform their required functions shall be demonstrated by the safety analysis. To 4-6-89 DOE 6430.1A Special Facilities Page 13-13 the extent practical, the ALARA concept shall be applied to the design of all confinement systems to minimize exposures to hazardous materials. Because the number and arrangement of confinement systems that shall be required for a specific nuclear facility design cannot be predicted, these general criteria describe a conservative confinement design that uses three principal confinement systems. In general, the primary confinement system consists of the process enclosures and their ventilation system. In special cases where the processes require the use of corrosive or noxious materials the process system shall be totally enclosed (ie., pipes and vessels) and provided with its own ventilation and off-gas cleanup system. In such cases, the process system shall be treated as the primary confinement system. The secondary confinement system consists of the barriers that enclose the areas that house the primary confinement and the system that ventilates those areas. These areas may be referred to as operating areas or operating area compartments. The tertiary or final confinement system is the building structure and its ventilation system.

The secondary and tertiary barriers may exist in common such as a single structural envelope (e.g., walls, roof slab, floor slab), provided the barrier can withstand the effects of man-made events and DBAs including the DBE, and does not contain access ways that allow the routine transfer of personnel, equipment, or materials directly from the exterior of the facility. Access ways into the interior of the single structural envelope are allowed, provided that entrance into the access way is gained from another level of confinement. The confinement system requirements specified for the various types of nuclear facilities in the facility-specific sections that follow are typical for that type of nuclear facility. The actual confinement system design requirements shall be determined as described in this section. Design of confinement areas shall provide adequate means for decontamination of the areas prior to entry or breaching for maintenance and repair purposes. Confinement system ventilation and off-gas system requirements are provided in Section 1550-99, Special Facilities, For enclosure of radioactive and other hazardous materials, see Section 1161, Enclosures. 1300-7.3 Access Ways Special features (e.g., air locks, enclosed vestibulea) shall be considered for access through confinement barriers to minimize the impact of facility access requirements on the ventilation system and to prevent the release of radioactive airborne materials. Provision for normal and emergency equipment shall be provided in or adjacent to the access ways. Consideration shall be given to emergency lighting, paging systems, automatic access door switches, hand and foot monitors, storage for clothing and emergency equipment, warning lights, air sampling, and breathing air outlets. 1300-7.4 Transfer Pipes and Encasements Double-walled pipes or pipes within a secondary confinement structure encasement shall be used in all areas where the primary pipe leaves the facility. In areas within the facility, the use of double-walled pipe shall be considered. Leakage monitoring shall be provided to Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-14 4-6-89 detect leakage into the space between the primary pipe and the secondary confinement barrier. 1300-8 WASTE MANAGEMENT 1300-8.1 General Wastes from special facilities may include both radioactive and nonradioactive materials and may be in the form of liquid or airborne effluents, or solids. For SNM declared to be waste, the term "wastes" shall be defined in accordance with the DOE 5632 series. The process systems shall minimize the production of wastes at the sources and minimize the mixing of radioactive and nonradioactive hazardous wastes. The waste management systems shall provide facilities and equipment (or incorporate existing facilities and equipment) to handle those wastes safely and effectively. Volume reduction equipment for both liquid and solid wastes shall be required where feasible and shall be designed for process capability and capacity commensurate with the types and quantities of wastes expected. Waste handling areas shall comply with the standards of confinement and ventilation requirements commensurate with the potential for spreading contamination by the waste packages/forms handled. Specific DOE design and operating requirements for radioactive wastes (HLW, LLW, and TRU) appear in DOE 5820.2A.

See also Section 0273, Water Pollution Controls; Section 0275, Industrial Wastewater Treatment; Section 0285, Solid Waste Systems; Section 1540, Plumbing and Service Piping; and Section 1589, Air Pollution Control. 1300-8.2 Hazardous Waste Requirements Hazardous waste requirements appear in the directive in DOE 5480.1B, Chapter 2. Additionally, the RCRA, as amended, 40 CFR 264 and 40 CFR 265, contain specific design and operating requirements and standards for owners and operators of hazardous waste TSD facilities. Part 267 of RCRA contains interim standards for owners and operators of new hazardous waste land disposal facilities. Part 268 of RCRA contains land disposal restrictions and treatment standards for hazardous waste. 1300-8.3 Mixed Waste Radioactive mixed waste, i.e., waste containing radioactive materials and other hazardous waste, shall be avoided where practicable. Mixed waste that cannot be avoided shall be identified and considered in the design at the earliest possible time. Mixed waste shall be segregated and handled separately from other types of waste in accordance with DOE 5400.3. 1300-8.4 Waste Segregation Facility design shall provide for the segregation of hazardous wastes into compatible groups for storage in accordance with the DOE 5400 series and DOE 5480 series. Suggested compatibility groups are acids, caustics, flammable materials, and organic materials. DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Special Facilities Page 13-15 1300-8.5 Spill Prevention and Control Spill prevention and control shall be considered in the design stage of the facility to minimize the possibility of accidentally releasing hazardous waste to the environment. 1300-8.6 Approvals and Permits The construction of a new facility or modification of an existing facility that either releases hazardous wastes (including airborne radioactive effluents (see 40 CFR 61, Subpart H) to the environment or manages hazardous wastes shall in most cases be approved by the EPA or authorized State agency prior to the beginning of construction In addition to obtaining approval for construction or modification of a facility, operating permits shall also be obtained for facilities that manage hazardous wastes as specified in RCRA. Environmental discharges of any effluent, including hazardous and nonhazardous wastes, shall meet applicable Federal and State laws and regulations and DOE orders. The limits specified in discharge permits for these effluents shall be considered during the design of the facility. 1300-9 EFFLUENT CONTROL AND MONITORING Routine wastes from special facilities will normally be in the form of solids, liquids, and gases. The waste management systems shall provide facilities and equipment to handle these wastes safely, effectively, and in an environmentally responsible manner. Hazardous effluents released to the environment (radioactive and nonradioactive) shall not exceed the limits referenced in DOE 5400.1 and the directive on Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment in the DOE 5400 series. Emphasis shall be placed on reducing effluents released to the environment to ALARA levels using the best technology economically available at the time of design. Effluents shall comply with all applicable Federal, State, and local laws and regulations. State and local laws and regulations shall be carefully consulted, as they may provide more restrictive limits than Federal laws and regulations.

During normal operations, the effluent concentrations of radionuclides measured at the site boundary shall not exceed the DCGs specified in the directive on Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment in the DOE 5400 series. At the point of discharge of the facility, i.e., stack or equivalent, the effluent concentration shall not exceed the DCGs specified in DOE 5480.11. The guidance on radiation protection referenced in Section 1300- 1.4.3, Routine Releases, shall also apply to effluent treatment and discharge systems. All effluent streams shall be sampled or monitored in accordance with the requirements of 5400.1, the directive on Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment in the DOE 5400 series, and the directive on Radiological Effluent Monitoring and Environmental Surveillance in the DOE 5400 series. Sampling and monitoring shall ensure adequate and accurate measurements under normal operations, anticipated operational occurrences, and DBA conditions. Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-16 4-6-89 The design of the facility shall include appropriate groundwater monitoring unless a site-wide program is provided. This monitoring shall be designed to detect releases of contaminants to the ground or ground water. Groundwater protection programs shall comply with DOE 5400.1, DOE 5400.3, and the directive on Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment in the DOE 5400 series. See also Section 0273, Water Pollution Controls; Section 0275, Industrial Wastewater Treatment; Section 1540, Plumbing and Service Piping; and Section 1589, Air Pollution Control. 1300-10 PHYSICAL PROTECTION, MATERIAL SAFEGUARDS, AND STORAGE OF SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL 1300-10.1 General The objective of safeguards and security systems is to protect SNM from theft or diversion and the material or facilities from sabotage. Safeguards and security systems are also designed to provide protection of classified material. Safeguards and security systems are concerned with malevolent activities that may be undertaken by both insider and outsider adversaries. Physical protection systems (see Section 1300-10.2, Physical Protection) are also integrated with material control and accountability systems (see Section 1300-10.3, Material Control and Accountability Safeguards) to provide a balanced safeguards and security system. The safeguards and security system is designed to provide baseline protection against a potential threat essentially consisting of the following: A determined, violent, external assault, attack by stealth, or deceptive action by several persons or a small group An adversary group that is dedicated and well-trained in military skills and that may have the aid of an insider in either an active or passive role, suitable weapons, and hand-carried equipment such as explosives and tools for breaking barriers An internal threat of an insider, including any employee who may attempt SNM theft or sabotage, or a conspiracy of employees to commit such acts More details are contained in the DOE Threat Statement. The threat statement is meant to provide a basis from which to plan security system performance requirements and capabilities. Site-specific threat spectra should be developed by considering the generic threat guidance as well as various local and facility/site-specific factors.

Detailed requirements for physical protection and material control and accountability systems are contained in the DOE 5632 series and the DOE 5633 series of orders. A standardized approach to protection program planning is documented in DOE 5630.11. (See also Section DOE 6430.1A Special Facilities 4-6-89 Page 13-17 0283-2, Physical Protection Planning.) This standardized approach provides defense in depth through the integration of physical protection and material control and accountability systems and practices to provide a balanced safeguards and security system. The defense-in- depth concept uses a systems approach that calls for deploying protective forces or features in sufficient strength to constitute more than a single layer of security for a target. This philosophy for safeguards and security system design should be implemented in accordance with a graded approach for providing protection of Departmental assets. Under the graded safeguards and security approach, a system is to be designed to provide varying degrees of physical protection, material control, and accountability for SNM and SNM facilities. Levels of protection shall be established consistent with the attractiveness of the asset and in such a manner as to minimize inherent risks on a cost-effective basis. Appropriate levels of protection are determined through a risk evaluation process using vulnerability assessments. Risks to Departmental assess are evaluated in consideration of the degree of protection system effectiveness and the consequent of the loss of a Departmental asset in the event of an adversarial act. The overall goal of the vulnerability assessment is to identify weaknesses that may be exploited by adversaries within the threat spectrum. The threat can include potential sabotage and/or theft perpetrated by either insider or outsider adversaries or a combination of the two working in collusion. Risk and vulnerability analyses can be used to identify targets that are essential to ensure the operability of safety-class items and the security of critical programs or facilities (i.e., facilities having high value or vital importance to DOE programs as defined in DOE 5480.7). In addition, cost-benefit analyses can be conducted to identify efficient and cost-effective measures to meet site-specific safeguards and security requirements. Targets shall be prioritized so as to determine those to be afforded the greatest level of security in accordance with the graded safeguards and security approach. The results of these methodologies and analyses are documented in site-specific protection program plans and/or MSSAs. MSSAs are formal agreements between the responsible DOE Headquarters and Field Elements regarding safeguards and security interests to be protected, prescribed levels of protection, accepted risk, and plans to increase protection system effectiveness, if required (see DOE 5630.13). See also Section 0283, Physical Protection, and Section 0110-13, Physical Protection. 1300-10.2 Physical Protection 1300-10.2.1 General Protection Philosophy The potential threat of SNM theft requires the adversary to obtain access to the SNM, gather a sufficient quantity for the intended misuse, and leave the facility unhindered to a safe location. Hence, for materials, it may be appropriate to interrupt the adversary anywhere in this chain of events. However, the general approach has been to deny access to very attractive material at all times. In the case of sabotage of a facility, it is necessary to prevent access to certain vital equipment that, if compromised or destroyed, can lead to release of radioactive material or substantial reduction of program productivity. In most DOE facilities, the items of vital equipment have been identified, and protection for these vital areas is

Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-18 4-8-89 required. In most cases, the physical protection systems are similar whether the concern is from theft of SNM or sabotage. All proposed SNM protection systems and equipment shall be reviewed by safety and health staff personnel to assure that personnel are adequately protected and that the systems do not present an undue risk. Specific hostile actions to be protected against involving SNM Theft of SNM, e.g., unauthorized removal from a material or an SNM shipment and vital equipment include: access area, protected areas, Diversion of SNM, e.g., unauthorized placement of SNM within a protected area Sabotage of an SNM facility or vital equipment, including nuclear material access area or facilities or shipments, that would result in an unacceptable impact on national security or on the health and safety of the public The interruption of programmatic activity that results in an unacceptable impact on national security (which shall be defined by the Head of the Field Element and agreed to by appropriate Headquarters Program Offices) The determination of an unacceptable impact on the health and safety of the public based on radiological exposure (which shall be defined by the Head of the Field Element and agreed to by the appropriate Headquarters Program Offices and shall be consistent with Section 0200-1, Facility Siting) Security areas shall be established to protect SNM and vital equipment as follows: A protected area shall be established to control Category I and II quantities of SNM and to provide protection for vital equipment. Material access areas shall be established to control access to areas containing Category I quantities of SNM. Vital areas shall be established to provide protection for vital equipment. Central alarm station access control areas shall be established to protect alarm monitoring and communications capabilities. The protection afforded SNM shall be graded according to the category of SNM involved. Vital equipment shall be identified by the Field Element and agreed to by the appropriate Headquarters Program Offices. Nuclear facilities and fuel shall be protected from theft, diversion, and sabotage consistent with the category of SNM involved and the potential impact on national security and the health and safety of the public. DOE 6430.1A Special Facilities 4-6-89 Page 13-19 When nucler facilities contain SNM that is not self-protecting, the SNM shall be protected from theft or diversion at a level consistent with the category of SNM involved. When Sabotage of nuclear facilities has the potential to lead to radiological releases in excess of the limits in Section 0200-1, Facility Siting, or to an unacceptable impact on national security, the facilities (including equipment and components essential to prevent sabotage) shall be protected as vital equipment. When the sabotage of nuclear facilities does not have credible potential to lead to an unacceptable impact to national security and the health and-safety of the public, the facilities and associated equipment and components shall be protected from sabotage in a manner consistent with the protection needs and acceptable risks as defined by the Head of the Field Element and with concurrence of the applicable Headquarters Program Offices. Protection strategies for each security interest shall be documented in applicable SSSPs and/ or MSSAs, including appropriate exclusion, containment, and neutralization strategies for the range of hostile activities.

SNM that is classified because of its configuration or content, or that is part of a classified item, shall receive, at a minimum, the physical protection required for the category of SNM involved, or that required for the assigned classification, whichever is greater. 1300-10.2.2 Basic Physical Protection Requirements The major elements of a physical protection system are the following: Detection System: A system providing the capability to detect an adversary action or anomalous behavior (see Section 1300-10.2.5, Detection and Alarm Systems) Assessment System: A system providing the capability to assess the nature of the adversary action (see Section 1300-10.2.6, Assessment Systems) Communication System: A system providing the capability to communicate to response forces and other personnel (see Section 1300-10.2.7, Communication Systems) Barriers: A system of barriers or other impediments to delay, channel personnel, or deny access to SNM or vital areas (see section 1300-10.2.4, Barriers and Access Control Systems) Response: The capability of the security organization to neutralize the adversary (see Section 1300-10.2.8, Response Systems) 1300-10.2.3 Baseline Protection Requirements See Section 0110-13.2, Access Control and Security Areas, for specific security area requirements. DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Special Facilities Page 13-20 Category I Quantities of SNM Category I quantities of SNM shall be used, processed, or stored only within material access areas or controlled and alarmed processes enclosed within a protected area. Category I quantities of SNM shall be stored in SNM vaults equipped with Departmental- approved intrusion alarm systems or in a vault-type room so equipped. Category I quantities of SNM in use or process shall be under material surveillance procedures in process under alarm protection, or with the approval of the responsible Heads of the Field Elements, protected with alternative means which can be demonstrated to provide equivalent protection. Category II Quantities of SNM Category II quantities of SNM shall be used, processed, and stored in a protected area. Category II quantities of SNM shall be stored in vaults, vault-type rooms, or security containers which are protected with Departmental-approved IASs. Category II quantities of SNM in use or process shall be under material surveillance procedures, in process under Department-approved alarm protection, or, with the approval of the responsible Head of the Field Element, protected by alternative means which can be demonstrated to provide equivalent protection. Category III Quantities of SNM When unattended, Category III quantities of SNM shall be secured within a locked Departmental-approved security container or within a locked room. When unattended, the container or locked room containing the Category III material shall be under the protection of a Departmental-approved intrusion detection alarm system, or patrolled at intervals not to exceed 2 hours, or located in a protected area. Category III quantities of SNM shall be used, processed, and stored in a protected area or other security area which has a clearly defined perimeter barrier, personnel and vehicle access control at the entrance, and search procedures. Category IV Quantities of SNM Category IV quantities of SNM shall be received, used, processed and stored in accordance with Field Element-approved security plans. Vltal Equipment

All vital equipment shall be contained within vital areas which are located within areas. More than one vital area may be needed within a given protected area. protected DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Special Facilities Page 13-21 1300-10.2.4 Barriers and Access Control Systems See also Section 0110-13.2, Access Control and Security Areas. An important part of the physical protection system are barriers that impede, delay, or in some cases essentially deny access to SNM in accordance with the DOE 5632 series of orders. Most barriers are passive, designed to require the use of special tools and high explosives to penetrate them. Sophisticated barriers have been tested against a full range of potential adversary tools and tactics. These barriers provide considerable time delay to allow sufficient response-force strength to be assembled to neutralize the adversary force. Specialized barriers have also been developed to delay or stop vehicles, aircraft, and watercraft. Some barriers have been developed that have an active component designed to further frustrate the adversary. These systems may dispense an obscuration agent, a viscous barrier, or a sensory irritant. In addition to barriers, entry and access portals shall provide equivalent delay to vehicles and personnel. For most protected-area perimeters, electrically operated fence gates shall be considered. Protection shall be provided against vehicle ramming. Techniques used to fulfill these requirements include speed reducing curves, hydraulic bollards, specially designed gates and vehicle traps, and steel cables attached to perimeter fence posts. See Section 1300-10, Physical Protection, Material Safeguards, and Storage of Special Nuclear Material, for specific requirements concerning the construction of vaults and vault-type rooms for the storage of SNM and classified materials. Protected Areas Clearly defined physical barriers such as fences, walls, and doors shall be utilized to control, impede, or deny access to protected areas. (See Section 0110-13.3, Physical Barriers, Section 0283-3, Permanent Security Fencing, Section 0283-5.2, Entry Control Points, and Section 0283-5.3, Vehicle Barriers, for more specific requirements). Permanent barriers shall be used to enclose protected areas except during construction or transient activities, when temporary barriers shall be erected. Barriers and other delay systems shall provide assurance that: Personnel and vehicles are channeled through designated portals. Penetration by motorized vehicles into or out of the security area is deterred and/or prevented where vehicular access would significantly enhance the likelihood that adversaries could successfully steal SNM or sabotage vital equipment. Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-22 4-6-89 Adequate spare shall be designed for inspection/search of personnel, hand-carried items, and vehicles as follows: Entrance inspections/searches of all personnel and of all vehicles and hand-carried items shall be conducted to provide reasonable assurance that explosives, weapons, or other prohibited articles are not introduced without authorization. Inspection/searchers may be accomplished through the use of X-ray equipment and portal monitors. Exit inspection/searches shall be accomplished to prevent the unauthorized removal of SNM at any protected area that contains Category II or greater categories of SNM not within a material access area. All personnel, hand-carried items (e.g., briefcases, lunch pails, handbags) and all vehicles shall be inspected/searched. Personnel inspections/ searches may be accomplished through the use of SNM portal monitors and metal detectors.

Specific search procedures and SNM/metal detection levels shall be established, justified, and documented in SSSPs and/or MSSAs. Material Access Areas Material access areas shall be contained within protected areas. Material access areas shall have clearly defined barriers sufficient to direct the flow of personnel and vehicles through designated portals and allow effective searches by providing reasonable assurance that prohibited articles are not introduced and SNM cannot be transported outside of the material access area without detection. Adequate space shall be designed for exit inspections/searches of all personnel, vehicles, and hand-carried items, including packages, briefcases, and lunch pails to prevent unauthorized removal of SNM. Personnel inspections/searches may be accomplished through the use of SNM portal monitors and metal detectors. Specific SNM/metal detection levels shall be established, justified, and documented in SSSPs and/or MSSAs. Vital Areas Vital areas shall be contained within protected areas. A vital area shall have a clearly defined perimeter. 1300-10.2.5 Detection and Alarm Systems See also Section 0110-13.4, Intrusion Detection. The detection sensor system shall be designed to signal an attempted intrusion, unauthorized attempt at access, or other anomalous situation. The detection system shall include access-control facilities at each access portal, where the identify of each employee is verified and provision is made for searches of persons and hand- carried packages. Access portals are usually attended by security inspectors and searches are made for contraband or prohibited articles. DOE 6430.1A Special Facilities 4-6-89 Page 13-23 On detection of an anomaly, the information shall be displayed on an alarm console or the plant protective force shall be signaled in a way to assist in developing timely and appropriate response measures. (See Section 0110-99.8.7, Security Alarm Control Centers, Section 0110-99.9.4, Alarm Systems, and Section 0110-99.8.5, Radio Control Centers, for additional security alarm control center requirements.) The following shall be considered in configuring and designing alarm systems: Required probability of detection and false alarm rates Circuitry to detect tampering with sensors, wiring, or other systems components Backup electrical power supplies when site power is lost Wiring and system component placement to be contained inside the protected area Use The of suitable conduit and tamper protected enclosures for alarm wiring ability to test detection sensors weekly Intrusion detection systems shall be designed as follows: A reliable and continuous Departmental-approved IAS sufficient to provide timely detection or intrusion into the protected area shall be provided. Rooms, buildings, or portions of a building within a material access area or controlled and alarmed process containing unattended Category I quantities of in-process SNM shall be equipped with Departmental-approved IASs or other equally effective means of detection approved by the responsible Field Element. Vital areas containing vita] equipment shall be equipped with a Departmental-approved IAS, or other equally effective means of detection approved by the responsible Field Element. Vaults and vault-type rooms used to store Category I or II quantities of SNM shall be protected with a Departmental-approved IAS. Special Facilities Page 13-24 DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89

Electronic detection systems shall meet site-specific protection needs and the following requirements: All detection/alarm devices shall be connected to monitor/display panels in the hardened central alarm station (and protective force communications center). An alternative alarm annunciation point to the central alarm station (or a comparable alternative capability) shall be provided in a location that is continuously manned by personnel and which provides a second indication of an alarm such that a response can be initiated in the event the primary station is compromised. When used, devices and equipment for interior IDSs required for storage of SNM shall meet FS W-A-450B or be approved by the Field Element. Exterior sensors that serve as the primary means of detection at a security area perimeter shall be designed to provide assurance that a person crossing the perimeter will be detected whether walking, running, jumping, crawling, rolling, or climbing the fence at any point in the detection zone. All detection/alarm devices, including transmission lines to annunciators, shall be failure- and tamper-indicating in both the access and secure modes. Alarm lines shall be continuously supervised so as to detect any attempts to short, open, or substitute a bogus signal for the legitimate “no alarm” signal in a surreptitious attempt to bypass the alarms system. IASs shall have both a primary and an auxiliary power source. Switchover to the auxiliary power source shall be automatic upon failure of the primary power source. An alarm condition shall be indicated at the monitor on failure of all power sources. The protection program shall include means to assess alarms and activities of adversaries promptly, accurately and reliably. 1300-10.2.6 Assessment Systems On receipt of an alarm or detection of an intrusion, the nature of the threat can be assessed to initiate an appropriate response. Generally, the assessment is done visually by dispatching a security inspector. In the more critical facilities, rapid assessment shall be accomplished by the use of CCTV systems where the monitor is located in the central alarm station. 1300-10.2.7 Communication Systems See also Section 0110-13.5, Communications Equipment. DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Special Facilities Page 13-25 Following assessment of the nature of the threat, the intrusion shall be communicated to response forces. Communications between the CAS and the response force security inspectors are generally by two-way radio, telephone, or other signaling system. Communication to local law enforcement agencies is by telephone or radio. Special response teams shall be equipped with voice privacy or digital equipment two-way radio operation. The CAS and SAS shall be designed with substantial walls, ceilings and floors to provide protection for security personnel and communications equipment. All communications systems shall be tested at the required frequency to assure readiness. Security inspectors at fixed posts shall have both normal telephone services and two-way communications with CASs, and with alternate positions from which backup forces will be dispatched. Security inspector at mobile and fried posts shall be provided with duress systems. This requirement may be met with hand-held radios equipped with a duress feature.

A hardened CAS (and protective force communications center) shall be equipped with radio and telephone channels of communication with local law enforcement agencies. An emergency alternate communications capability from a secondary station shall be provided for use in the event the primary station is compromised. Radio communications equipment shall remain operable in the event of a loss of primary electric power. Communications equipment shall allow rapid, reliable, and protected information exchange between on-site protective forces; between on-site protective forces and the CASs and secondary communications station; and between the CASs, secondary communications stations, and local law enforcement agencies. 1300-10.2.8 Response Systems The primary and first response to an overt intrusion or attempt at SNM theft or sabotage shall be by facility security force. The security force also conducts access control checks and searches, patrols security areas, maintains liaison with local law enforcement agencies, checks barriers and other security hardware, and provides limited law enforcement and traffic control services. Its primary mission, however, is to prevent the theft of SNM or the sabotage of facilities. To support the facility security force, provisions shall be designed for security inspector posts at access portals, fixed and mobile defensive positions, and guard towers. The need and location for these shall be determined on a facility-specific basis in consideration of the DOE 5632 series of orders, the Departmental threat guidance, and the nature of the materials and facilities being protected. Security inspector posts, both mobile and fixed, for protected areas shall be equipped with duress systems and be designed and located in accordance with applicable requirements contained in DOE orders. Security inspector posts shall be located to provide an Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-26 4-6-89 unobstructed view of the surrounding terrain. The exterior walls, windows, and doors shall be constructed of reinforced materials which have a bullet penetration resistance equivalent to “high-powered rifle rating” as given in UL 752. Whenever practial, containers for the storage of weapons and ammunition shall be GSA- approved weapons storage containers which are bolted or otherwise secured to the structure. For guard towers that are intended to serve as fighting positions and emergency defensive positions for security inspectors, consideration shall be given to protected firing posts and provide a minimum of 60 square feet of floor area per person. (See Section 0283-6.2, Guard Towers.) 1300-10.2.9 Lighting Systems See also Section 0283-7, Lighting. Adequate illumination may also assist in detection of adversaries as well as assessing the nature of previously detected intrusions. When properly designed, security lighting also provides a deterrent. Where required, lighting systems shall have a backup electrical power system to minimize the interruption of illumination in case of a loss of site power. 1300-10.3 Material Control and Accountability (MC&4) Safeguards 1300-10.3.1 General The objective of domestic safeguards is to protect sensitive nuclear materials from theft or diversion and the material or facilities from sabotage. MC&A safeguards activities are concerned with malevolent activities that might be undertaken by authorized personnel (insiders), although such activities overlap with those carried out for the purposes of physical protection.

The major objective of the MC&A system is to provide the capability to detect, deter, and assist in the prevention of unauthorized use or removal of SNM from the facility or its authorized location, in a graded approach; that is, in a manner appropriate to the types and quantities of material at risk and as appropriate to the threat involved. DOE 5633.3 defines the basic requirements for MC&A at DOE facilities. Also relevant are DOE 5633.2 and DOE 5633.4. The systems used to carry out the MC&A safeguards function can be divided into the categories of material accounting, material control, personnel control, and process/ monitoring/near-real-time accounting. The emphasis that is placed on these different aspects of MC&A shall differ depending on the nature of the facility and the safeguards approach adopted for the facility as specified in site MSSA and SSSP documents Provisions shall be considered very early in the design, and continuously evaluated through the various design stages to ensure that all requirements are met. The design team should include personnel with extensive knowledge of MC&A requirements. The design management process shall provide adequate review and integration of the concerns of the and Security Coordinator(s) throughout the course of design. cognizant DOE Safeguards DOE 6430.1A Special Facilities 4-6-89 Page 13-27 1300-10.3.2 Material Control Systems Material control systems shall alert the facility to unauthorized activities. Physical barriers should be employed for containment of materials. Detection should be implemented using a variety of surveillance and monitoring techniques. A number of boundaries shall be considered to control the movement of material: The boundary The boundary The boundary The boundary The boundary defined by the surface of the process equipment defined by the walls of rooms containing process equipment of the "material access area" as defined in DOE 5633.3 of the protected area as described in physical protection orders defined by specially constructed areas such as storage vaults The reliance placed on each of these boundaries to prevent or detect the theft or diversion of material will depend on the safeguards strategy of the facility involved; however, the material access area boundary and the integrity of vaults shall generally be the most important in terms of design. Material Access Area (MAA) Boundary The objective of the MAA boundary is to prevent or detect the unauthorized movement of material through it, while allowing for authorized personnel access, authorized material movement, and emergency evacuation as necessary. This means that designed-in penetrations of the MAA boundary shall either be monitored, or not present a credible path for material removal, and that malevolent penetration of the MAA boundary is either not credible or is detectable. Walls defining the MAA boundary shall be designed/constructed so that penetration within the specified delay times is not credible. Some type of monitoring shall be provided where penetration is credible. Designs in which the walls are easily penetrated are hidden from view are not advisable. MAA walls shall not provide hiding places or redoubt-like structures for adversaries. Penetrations in the floor and ceiling for piping, heating, venting, and air conditioning, and other support systems shall not be large enough or accessible enough to create credible paths for the removal of material. As with wails, ceilings should not provide places to hide material.

Portal systems shall allow for the passage of personnel while detecting the presence of nuclear material and metal. (While material control and accountability concerns generally relate to insiders bringing material out, physical security concerns at portals include the detection of explosives or weapons.) Sometimes, in addition, equipment/package portals are used so that tools and packages can be monitored separately. The following should apply to the design of portals: Special Facilities Page 13-28 DOE 6430.1A Special nuclear material portal monitors should be distanced from or 4-6-89 shielded from nuclear materials in the process area. This applies not only to locations of static storage, but to passageways or conveyer systems that allow the passage of materials within the facility. Portal monitors shall be located so that it is not physically possible to pass items around the portal without those objects’ undergoing some sort of surveillance (e.g., passing through the guard station). Portal monitors are generally co-located with guards stations, so that an adequate response to an alarm is available. Unattended portals require careful design to assure response to and resolution of alarms. The guard stations serve to control the flow of personnel into the area via I.D. badges, etc. When this is the case, the guard station should provide an unobstructed view of the portal. Electronic communication between the guard/station and the central security station shall enable the monitoring of power, alarms, etc. Guard stations shall be designed using physical security design criteria as well. In processing areas, provisions shall be made for planned and emergency evacuations. Where this evacuation occurs through the MAA boundary, alarmed doors shall be provided, as it is too expensive (and probably not operationally sound) to try to use personnel portal monitors. In such cases, provision shall be made to assure that evacuations do not provide a theft opportunity. One strategy is to provide a fenced evacuation zone outside the alarmed door. This evacuation area is placed under surveillance by the guard force during evacuation conditions and swept with SNM detectors afterward to make sure no material has been left behind. Effective use of the SNM detectors requires that these areas be not too large and that they have low background radiation levels. Nuclear material shall be transferred into and out of the MAA at well-defined locations (usually loading docks) subject to specific procedures that prevent unauthorized transfers. Transfer operations are simplified if the transporting vehicle can discharge directly into the MAA. Such transfer locations shall involve alarmed doors and communications capability with the central guard station. NDA capability at the site shall be considered for verification or confirmation of the shipment or receipt. Health physics measurements may also be involved in the processing of the receipt. Depending on the types of materials to be received, more elaborate procedures or capabilities such as sampling shall be considered. Storage Areas and Vaults Material awaiting processing shall be stored in a graded system with appropriate access controls. Facilities shall be designed to minimize the amount of attractive material located in accessible locations for long periods of time. Recent vault design has emphasized automation as this limits hands-on access to materials and provides automatic documentation of material movements. Vaults containing attractive material should prevent hands-on access to material and should provide hookup to central station and appropriate lockouts. Other strategies (such as locked carts) are used for short-term storage of less attractive material.

DOE 6430.1A Spatial Facilities 4-6-89 Page 13-29 Physical relationships should be considered in determining locations of vaults, processing areas, shipping/receiving areas and NDA stations as materials will flow from one of these the other. Containment of Material in Process Equipment and Material Transfer Systems Process equipment often provides a natural barrier to the acquisition of material. To the to extent that this function can be enhanced it can play a supplementing or compensating role to other material containment strategies. Thus if there is no need to have direct access to material in a process or transport step, access can be denied using appropriate physical barriers. If areas where materials need to be accessed (e.g., loadout areas) are few, strategies such as two-person rules or two-person interlocks shall be considered for attractive materials. Surveillance Systems Electronic surveillance systems (CCTV) shall be considered for use in sensitive areas such as loadout stations and transfer locations. Adequate lighting and field-of-view are two of the operating design criteria in such locations. Areas where an individual could work unobserved shall be minimized. Tamper Indicating Devices (TIDs) The design of MAA exit doors, vault doors, vault racks, containers, etc., should provide for seal (TIDs) mechanisms. Requirements for use of TIDs are contained in DOE 5633.3. DOE/EP/0035 should be considered. The design of the facility shall accommodate procedures that address abnormal situations. Mechanisms shall be provided to prevent uncontrolled egress or SNM removal from the protected area should a crash out (broken TID and Alarm) from an MAA occur. Protected Area (PA) Boundary The PA boundary is generally viewed in terms of outsider attack; it may also be designed to prevent material from being removed by an insider. In this case, design shall allow for appropriate personnel and vehicle portals. The fence system shall he designed so that material cannot be thrown over it for later retrieval. Proximity to buildings or other overhanging structures shall be considered. 1300-10.3.3 Material Accounting Systems Material accounting systems track nuclear material items through the facility and provide quantitative data on material flows and inventories throughout the facility. Facilities are subdivided into MBAs; on a regular basis the flows of nuclear materials into and out of these MBAs are compared with the measured nuclear material inventories to establish that material has not been removed from the system. Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-30 4-6-89 Difficult-to-measure materials pose problems for accountability systems. One category of difficult-to-measure materials is holdup, which is addressed below. Other such categories are scrap and waste. Such materials should not be allowed to accumulate. Scrap-recovery facilities should be sized to enable timely recovery of materials. Similarly, waste-measurement facilities should be adequately sized. MBA Boundary Definition

The purpose of subdividing the facility into MBAs is to enable the facility to localize losses to a particular process step or steps. MBAs are generally defined around specific processes (e.g., casting, recovery) and therefore cover a specific geographical area. DOE orders specify that MBA boundaries do not cross MAA boundaries. An important criterion for defining MBA boundaries, however, is that material entering or leaving the MBA should do so on measured values. Sometimes these goals may conflict; for example, small amounts of material may exit the MAA in vents to be caught in filters. These filters shall be considered to be within the MBA for the sake of maintaining good MBA accountability, even though the boundary-crossing rule is technically violated. MBA boundaries may be conceptual but are fundamentally physical. Materials often move physically out of the geographical MBA boundary before they are measured, although they are still conceptually considered to be in the MBA. However, the location of MBA boundaries do imply measurement requirements, and this shall be considered in facility design. If the measurement is by NDA, the material will have to be brought to the NDA equipment or vice versa. If the measurement is destructive, similar considerations apply to sampling capability. Measurement Systems Measurement systems shall be either installed in the process equipment, located in the process area, or located in an entirely separate laboratory area. Small weighing systems, volume measurement systems, and some NDA equipment are generally installed in the process equipment itself. Other NDA equipment (such as calorimeters) are generally installed within the MAA. Destructive chemistry, mass spectroscopy, etc., are carried out in separate laboratories. Weighing systems should be installed in areas that are free from mechanical vibration. Adequate space should be allocated for weight standards. In vessels holding solutions containing special nuclear material at inventory, volume measurement and sampling capability are necessary to establish the contents of the tank. The following shall be considered in designing such systems: The capability should be available to mix the tank to a state of homogeneity. This can be accoplished by mechanical mixing or sparging techniques. Considerations of criticality safety and mixing are often in conflict. Some tanks are extremely difficult to homogenize. Slab tanks may need more than one agitation device to provide for adequate mixing. DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Special Facilities Page 13-31 The sampling systems used should not dilute or concentrate the sample they are generating. Recirculating samplers are used to make sure samples are representative and not biased by previously drawn samples. In systems that will lift liquid streams in recirculating samplers by injecting air into the upflow side, the possibility exists that evaporation will occur, especially if circulation is for some reason slowed. Plugging of sampling lines can cause problems at some facilities; procedures and designs should be in place to prevent this. Provisions shall be made for removal and transportation of the sample. Tank geometry also contributes to the ability to measure volumes accurately. Tanks oriented horizontally are very difficult to measure.

Liquid-level measurements in tanks are generally established by either sight glasses, capacitance probes, or bubbler systems (whose back-pressure is measured in a variety of ways). Bubbler-probe systems are generally the most accurate, but provision has to be made for connection to the plant air supply. Tanks containing nuclear material at the time of an inventory or tanks used to establish the input or output values for an MBA shall be recalibrated regularly. Large heels in tanks should be avoided. NDA techniques at nuclear processing facilities generally involve radiation measurement (active or passive) or calorimetry. Facility design shall provide such instrumentation with a suitable environment as follows: Specialized NDA instruments sometimes require friendly environments in terms of temperature, humidity and vibration Specifications set down by the instrument manufacturer shall be consulted. It may be necessary to isolate the instrument against electromagnetic interference. High-resolution gamma ray systems will need to be supplied with liquid nitrogen. Background radiation levels (both static and transitory spikes caused by movement of material) shall be considered in choosing the location of all radiation-sensing equipment. The location of the NDA station should take into account the need to transport materials to the station from the process, and the health/safety impacts of such movement. Certain types of measurements may be impractical if materials have to be repackaged simply to measure them. Special Facilities Page 13-32 DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Holdup In broad terms, holdup is nuclear material that is retained in process equipment at inventory time. Poor accountancy results when the amount of holdup is large and uncertain. Holdup can be either eliminated, measured, or modeled to improve accountant, but the design goal shall be to minimize nuclear material holdup. For example: Minimize the use of horizontal piping runs for high concentration solutions, and allow enough slope for the pipe to drain. Eliminate piping configurations where material can collect, especially dead-end piping. Design equipment for easy cleanout; this applies especially to gloveboxes and incinerators. Minimize sharp angles and hard-to-access corners where material can collect. Provide adequate lighting. Where material cannot be cleaned out, but potential exists for significant holdup, designed-in NDA measurement capabilities shall be considered. lt is often important to experiment with the response of these instruments and establish calibration data before the process goes hot. Data Acquisition/Data Processing Systems Material accounting systems generally require a mainframe computer and remote data-entry stations in the process area. Data may be acquired directly from in-line instruments. The design of such data acquisition systems is beyond the scope of this document. However, the spatial and environmental requirements for operation of data-entry terminals shall be considered. In many cases the data involved will be classified, and appropriate orders and guidance on the characteristics of classified data processing equipment consulted (see DOE 5637.1). 1300-10.3.4 Other Systems Process Monitoring/Near-Real-Time Accountancy (NRTA)

Process monitoring systems collect data on process variables (liquid levels, densities, valve positions) and perform consistency checks that may reveal anomalies if material is diverted or if other important procedures are not being followed (for example, if a tank is not sampled before transfer, or not sparged before it is sampled). Processes involving large tanks can be instrumented in this manner relatively easily, resulting in an additional detection mechanism as well as better (more reliable) accountability measurements. Such instrumentation shall be considered. DOE 6430.1A Special Facilities 4-6-89 Page 13-33 Because of the need for frequent computation of material balances, NDA instrumentation shall be provided. Personnel Control Personnel access to various parts of a facility (and materials within the facility) are often controlled at a finer level than the MAA; to accomplish this, it is necessary to subdivide the MAA into rooms or sets of rooms to which access is granted by electronic card systems, keypads, guard stations, or other devices. This reduces the number of people having access to a wide range of materials. 1300-11 DECONTAMINATION AND DECOMMISSIONING 1300-11.1 Decontamination Design of the areas in a facility that may become contaminated with radioactive or other hazardous materials under normal or abnormal operating conditions shall incorporate measures to simplify future decontamination. Such items as service piping, conduits, and ductwork shall be kept to a minimum in these areas and shall be arranged to facilitate decontamination. Filters shall be positioned in ventilation systems in locations that minimize contamination of ductwork. Walls, ceilings, and floors shall be finished with washable or strippable coverings. In some areas, metal liners shall be required. If necessary all cracks, crevices, and joints shall be caulked or sealed and finished smooth to prevent contaminated material accumulation in inaccessible areas. Finishes shall comply with Section 0900-99, Special Facilities. 1300-11.2 Decommissioning Designs consistent with the program requirements of DOE 5820.2A shall be developed during the planning and design phases based on a proposed decommissioning method or a conversion method leading to other uses. Decommissioning of special facilities is of utmost importance. The facility design shall include features that will facilitate decontamination for future decommissioning, increase the potential for other uses, or both. In addition to the requirements of Section 0205, Demolition, Decontamination, and Decommissioning, the following design principles shall be considered for facilities handling radioactive and other hazardous materials: Use of modular, separable confinements for radioactive and other hazardous materials to preclude contamination of fixed portions of the structure Use of localized liquid transfer systems that avoid long runs of buried contaminated piping; emphasis on localized batch solidification of liquid waste. Special provisions should be included in the design to ensure the integrity of joints in buried pipelines. Location of exhaust filtration components of the ventilation systems at or near individual enclosures so as to minimize long runs of internality contaminated ductwork Special Facilities Page 13-34 Equipment, including effluent decontamination equipment, that practicable, the accumulation of radioactive or other hazardous DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89

precludes, to the extent materials in relatively inaccessible areas including curves and turns in piping and ductwork. Accessible, removable inspection covers are encouraged to allow visual inspection. Materials that reduce the amount of radioactive and other hazardous materials requiring disposal and that are easily decontaminated Designs that ease cut-up, dismantlement, removal and packaging of contaminated equipment from the facility (e.g., removal and dismantlement of gloveboxes, air filtration equipment, large tanks, vessels, equipment and ductwork) Use of modular radiation shielding, in lieu of or in addition to monolithic shielding walls Use of lifting lugs on large tanks and equipment Fully drainable piping systems that carry contaminated or potentially contaminated liquids 1300-12 HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING 1300-12.1 Coverage It is DOE policy to ensure that appropriate human factors technology is considered in the design, operation, and maintenance of Departmental nonreactor nuclear facilities. The criteria and requirements provided in this section are applicable to the design of the work environment and human-machine systems at DOE facilities. These criteria shall apply to new construction and to retrofitting of existing facilities. These criteria shall be considered for upgrading existing facilities where cost-benefit or risk-tradeoff analyses indicate justification for such expenditures. This section outlines a general criteria for incorporating human factors engineering into the system design process. In addition, it provides human factors engineering considerations for system and component displays, controls, alarms, labeling, and communications that are generally applicable to a wide range of human-machine systems, and for the work environment for personnel, including such matters as ventilation, lighting, noise control, work space layout, and equipment design and layout. 1300-12.2 Objectives The primary objective of human factors engineering is to improve human performance through enhancements in the work environment and human-machine interfaces. To achieve this objective, human factors engineering consideration shall be included during the conceptual, preliminary, and design phases of a project. Enhancements to the work environment and human-machine interfaces will reduce human error and its consequences and lead to increased productivity, lower costs, etter product quality, decreased equipment and property damage, improved program schedules, personal DOE 6430.1A Special Facilities 4-6-89 Page 13-35 job satisfaction, and, perhaps more important, to further improvements in the safe operation and maintenance of DOE facilities. 1300-12.3 1300-12.3.1 The integration point when the System Development General of human factors engineering into system development shall begin at the detailed system goals and objectives have been defined. This integration into the system development process shall proceed through four phases: planning, requirements analysis, system design, and system test and evaluation. Throughout this process, it is important to provide a mechanism that incorporates the knowledge and input of the personnel who have used or will be using the types of equipment, systems, or facilities being designed. Their input shall be systematically developed and applied from the beginning of the requirements analysis phase. 1300-12.3.2 Planning the Human Factors Engineering Role in System Development

A human factors engineering program plan appropriate to the level of importance of a facility or system shall be developed during the system development process (i.e., as an integral part of the conceptual design phase). The plan shall detail the kinds of human factors engineering analyses and evaluations necessary for the design and shall reflect the integration of the human factors engineering effort with the other disciplines having design input. The information inputs include a description of system objectives, applicable standards and specifications, and other project-specific information. 1300-12.3.3 Requirements Analyses A systems requirements analysis appropriate to the level of importance of the system and the level of risk associated with system failure shall be performed as an integral part of the design process and shall include human factors engineering considerations. The needs and requirements of the system user or operator shall be systematically examined as an integral part of the design process. Appropriate requirements shall be selected and analyses performed for systems that are important to safety to ensure that the public, the facility, and facility personnel risks are minimized. These analyses shall be directed primarily to the areas of human-machine function allocation and task analysis. A variety of human factors engineering analysis techniques are discussed in NUREG CR-3331 and Meister and Rabideau, Human Factors Evaluation in System Development. Decisions concerning which system functions to allocate to the human versus the machine shall be determined by analyses of system functions required, impact of error or no action on safety, and a comparison of human capabilities and equipment capabilities for the separate system functions. Factors that shall be considered during the function allocation decision process include system performance criteria, safety, cost, maintainability, scheduling, and training. For functions allocated 10 an operator, there shall be a systematic analysis of those vital activity tasks that must be performed by the operator to satisfactorily complete the function. Special Facilities Page 13-36 given a proposed system design. This task requirements necessary for successful task DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 analysis shall develop a list of operator needs and completion. The list shall include not only information and control requirements, but also the number and types of staff required by the various functions, knowledge requirements and special skills, operator aids, decisions to be made by the operator, communication requirements, necessary operator interactions, and any potential safety hazards. In the development of operator requirements, task conditions associated with high work load features, concurrent emergency conditions and those tasks that must be performed concurrently, to a high degree of accuracy, without error, in short time periods, and/or with a high degree of skill shall be considered for proper function allocation. 1300-12.3.4 Process System Design Interfaces The design or the selection of equipment to be operated and maintained by personnel shall include the application of human factors engineering criteria together with other appropriate design criteria. These criteria shall include the list of information and control requirements developed from the task analysis. More generic human factors engineering criteria pertaining to desirable equipment characteristics, available in the form of checklists or text descriptions, shall also be consulted. Studies performed to examine special features of the system design shall be considered.

Human factors engineering data, requirements, or other input to be incorporated into the design shall be made available at the very beginning of the design process. Human factors engineering input to the system design process shall be presented as specific and quantitative design requirements where possible. The system design process consists of numerous decision points at which choices between options and alternatives are necessary. To the extent possible, these decision points shall be anticipated and the appropriate human factors engineering criteria shall be made available, particularly where safety factors or other important functional features are involved. As the design evolves from the preliminary concept through the detailed states, there will be modifications in earlier basic decisions and assumptions made by the design team. Human factors engineering requirements shall be refined and design recommendations made more specific during the system design evolution. Design teams and design review teams shall include or have resource support available from persons knowledgeable in human factors engineering. Human factors personnel shall also be included in the system validation process. 1300-12.3.5 Test and Evaluation The test and evaluation phase shall focus on verifying that the system can be operated and maintained by the intended user personnel under the conditions for which it was designed. The system shall meet applicable human factors engineering design criteria. DOE 6430.1A Special Facilities 4-6-89 Page 13-37 Human factors engineering evaluation and testing shall preferably begin early during the design development and shall be a continuing activity throughout design and construction. Tests shall be planned to observe the system in simulation or in actual use based on normal and abnormal procedures and scenarios. Any findings from these tests and evaluations shall be incorporated into the system design and into a final testing phase after completion of system development. Discrepancies between desired and observed system performance shall be documented together with proposed corrections. 1300-12.4 General Human Factors Implementation Criteria and Considerations 1300-12.4.1 General This section provides generic human factors engineering considerations. Facility- or system- specific human factors engineering requirements shall be generated through the requirements analysis discussed in Section 1300-12.3, System Development. The generic considerations in this section shall be combined with the requirements analysis results to ensure that all appropriate human factors considerations have been identified and addressed. Human factors engineering principles and criteria shall be integrated into the design of systems and the facilities that house and support these systems. The organization of operator movements and the arrangement and accessibility of equipment and controls in the work area shall facilitate convenient access to each system component for operation and maintenance. 1300-12.4.2 Human Dimension Considerations

Equipment that is to be used by personnel shall be designed or selected to accommodate their body dimensions. This equipment includes control panels, work tables and counters, enclosures, seating, storage, special clothing, and any other equipment designed for an operator. The design of equipment for personnel shall accommodate a wide variety of body dimensions. Generally, it is recommended that equipment dimensions accommodate the fifth to ninety-fifth percentile of the user population. For recommended data representing these percentiles (from military studies), see NUREG 0700, Section 6.1, and MIL-STD-1472C, Section 5.6. These references also provide recommended dimensions and other guidance for stand-up and sit-down consoles and other work stations, for accessibility of equipment and instrumentation, for furniture and equipment layout, and for traffic flow. 1300-12.4.3 Environmental Considerations Temperature and Humidity An effective climate control system shall maintain temperature and humidity at an acceptable level between the human and the environment. Temperature and humidity tolerance limits for recommended comfort zones are provided in NUREG 0700, Section 6.1, and UCRL 15673, Section 3.2.4.5. Special Facilities Page 13-38 DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Ventilation See Section 1550-1.5, Ventilation-Exhaust Systems Design Requirements. Lighting Adequate light levels are necessary to ensure optimum performance in all work areas. Glare and shadowing shall be avoided. For recommended control room illumination levels, luminance ratios, reflectance levels and further lighting considerations, see Section 1655, Interior Lighting, and NUREG 0700, Section 6.1. Lighting design shall consider environmental degradation effects (such as dust or radiation on viewing ports) to ensure adequate lighting intensities can be provided on a long-term basis. Emergency Lighting Emergency lighting systems shall be provided as required by NFPA 101. A control room emergency lighting system shall be automatically activated and immediately available for a stated minimum length of time on failure of the normal lighting system. The emergency lighting system for vital areas shall be an electrically independent system that is not degraded by failure of the normal lighting system. Control room emergency lighting levels shall be in accordance with NUREG 0700, Section 6.1.5.4. Noise Acoustic design shall: Minimize noise levels where practical and ensure that the limits of DOE 5480.10 are not exceeded Ensure that verbal communications are not impaired Ensure that auditory signals are readily detectable Minimize auditory distraction and irritation that can cause operator fatigue For further noise level and protection considerations, see NUREG 0700, Section 6, and UCRL 15673, Section 3.2.4.2 Vibration Vibration shall be reduced to the extent practical to minimize operator irritation and distraction. Vibration considerations shall include equipment and tool design, potential effects of vertical and horizontal vibrations on seated and standing operators, and use of appropriate protective devices (e.g., isolation, damping materials). For recommended vibration level limits and further considerations see UCRL 15673, Section 3.2.4.3. DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Aesthetes Cosmetic and aesthetic design considerations shall be reviewed for work area. 1300-12.4.4 Component Arrangement The arrangement of controls and displays on a control panel shall

Special Facilities Page 13-39 Compatibility with the promote efficient use of task-related components, rapid location of any given component, and maximum operator awareness of plant conditions. EPRI NP-3659, Chapter 4, and NUREG 0700, Sections 6.8 and 6.9, discuss these concers and related items. Components shall be grouped together on the basis of specific criteria appropriate for the required task or tasks. Useful grouping alternatives to be considered include grouping by system membership, which allows subgrouping and mimic methods, and grouping by task relationships such as sequence of use or frequency of use. The groupings shall be emphasized and defined by consistently applied graphic-spatial methods such as demarcation and spacing of components, particularly when there are many components. Components shall not be hidden within component groupings. Unbroken strings of similar components on the panel shall be avoided. Matrices of components shall have labeled axes to identify any component in the grid. Recurring component subsystems (e.g., Loop A, Loop B,.. .) shall each be arranged as consistently as possible. Mirror image arrangements of components shall be avoided. Component arrangement shall promote easy association of related controls and displays or other related components. Displays are usually placed above and relatively close to the related control. Component arrangement conventions shall also be considered, particularly when mimic displays are not used. For instance, when several components related by flow direction (e.g., valve-pump-valve) are placed in sequence, the direction of the sequence (e.g., top-to-bottom, left-to-right) shall be consistent for each similar situation. 1300-12.4.5 Protective Equipment Personnel who work in a hazardous environment (e.g., an environment subject to radiation, gas, airborne particles) or who may be temporarily-exposed to such hazards shall have convenient access to the appropriate protective equipment including proper garments, equipment such as emergency showers and eyewashes, and any other protective equipment necessary for the successful and safe completion of their work. Provisions shall be made for access and maintenance of protective equipment. Protective equipment shall be periodically checked and shall be maintained in good condition. Storage spaces shall be provided and shall be easily accessible to required personnel. Personal protection equipment such as garments and breathing apparatus shall be compatible with the body sizes of personnel performing their tasks. There shall be sufficient quantity of this equipment in the proper sizes for the required number of users. Equipment and garments of different sizes shall have permanent size labels located where they are easy to Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-40 4-6-89 read. There shall be provisions for an adequate supply of personal protective equipment expendables, such as filters, that are stored with the related protective equipment. Guidance is presented in NUREG 0700, Section 6.1.4. The design or selection of protective equipment shall be such that it minimizes the impairment of operational and maintenance performance. It shall provide adequate tactile sensitivity and provide the ability to see, reach, move, communicate, and hear. Other considerations include operability and accessibility of equipment by users of protective equipment, provision of an adequate level of safety for the user, and user comfort while working.

1300-12.4.6 Display Devices Operator task analysis results shall be the basis for establishing operator information needs. Displays shall provide only the information about system status and parameter values that is needed to meet task requirements in normal, abnormal and emergency situations. Status, rather than demand information, shall be displayed for important parameters. Displays shall indicate whether they reflect demand or actual status. Each display device, including meters, CRTs, LCDs, consoles, and other electronic or mechanical media shall be formatted and designed to ensure that both the display and display content are readable, understandable, and accessible. Variables important to the adequacy of displays include letter size, font, contrast, viewing distance and angle, lighting, color, and complexity of the task. For additional information see NUREG 0700, Section 6.5, and MIL-STD-1472C, Section 5.2. Failure of a display of any type shall be easily recognized and shall not affect equipment or system performance. Where CRTs are used, rapid, error-free access to the information required for the task shall be accomplished by ensuring that system response to any query is less than 2 seconds and that user feedback to controI action is less than 0.2 seconds or faster wherever possible. More specific information is contained in NUREG CR-2496. The use of CRT displays also allows removing hardwired displays except those that are essential for various backup functions. Analyses shall be performed to determine where hardwired displays are required and where those displays shall be located relative to the corresponding controls and to CRT displays. 1300-12.4.7 System Controls The equipment used by an operator to control a complex system is often a composite of many systems. A control panel operator shall be able to rapidly locate each component on a panel. To achieve this, the design shall take full advantage of several techniques of control display integration including various component grouping techniques, system mimics, system demarcation, and hierarchical labeling. Spurious or ancillary information and data may contribute to operator information overload. Prioritized coding, organization of data by system and subsystem, demarcation of system and subsystem components, and removal or relocation of marginally useful data shall be used to 4-6-89 DOE 6430.1A Special Facilities Page 13-41 reduce operator information overload. For additional information, see EPRI NP 3659, Chapter 4; NUREG 0700, Sections 6.1, 6.3, 6.7, and 6.9; and Van Cott and Kincade, Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design, Chapter 9. Component Controls Each control device shall provide the appropriate control capability, range, and sensitivity for necessary control settings and manipulations. Control operating characteristics shall conform with operator expectations. Control components shall be durable, compatible with nontypical apparel where required, and not prone to accidental activation. Selection of a control device shall fulfill any control requirements described in the task analysis of system functions. In addition, selection shall consider whether a discrete or continuous function is present, and the compatibility relationship between the control and any corresponding displays, the ease with which the function of the control can be identified, the ease of identifying the control actuation mode provided by the control (e.g., on, off, auto), the force necessary to activate the control, and the tactile feedback provided by control actuation.

Selection of controls shall consider the use of coding methods. Coding methods include location, size, shape, and color. For coding guidelines, see NUREG 0700, Section 6.4. Specific criteria shall be applied to various types of common controls such as rotary controls, toggle switches, push buttons, rocker switches, and linear switches. NUREG 0700, Section 6.4; MIL-STD-1472C, Section 5.4; and Van Cott and Kincade, Chapter 8 describe these criteria. The latter reference also discusses conditions requiring unconventional controls. 1300-12.4.8 Warning and Annunciator Systems An effective warning system shall alert personnel to a problem or abnormal condition and shall provide sufficient time to respond appropriately to the problem. General warning guidelines are found in MIL-STD-1472C, Section 5.3. For the special case of control room annunciators, see NUREG 0700, Section 6.3. For auditory signals guidelines, see NUREG 0700, Section 6.2 To provide an effective alerting stimulus, it is first necessary to determine whether both auditory and visual stimuli shall be used or just one. Guidelines for determining stimulus modality are provided in Van Cott and Kincade, Chapter 4. For instance, a visual signal shall be used if the message is complex, long, or has to be referred to later. An auditory stimulus is usually provided for warnings requiring rapid response, especially with a mobile operator in an information-rich environment. Each stimulus shall be easily distinguishable from other stimuli in the same modality but it shall not be a distraction. If an alarm can be one of many similar alarms that may occur simultaneously, it shall be easy to locate. Any specific stimulus shall have only one meaning. It can either designate one problem or it can be a signal to look at a particular place to define the alarm further. When there are many annunciator alarms, priority coding such as “first in/out” shall be used to assist in Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-42 4-6-89 determining message significance, False alarms and nuisance alarms shall be removed. Set point determination shall allow sufficient response time to the operator. Provision shall be made for active acknowledgment and for silencing of auditory alarms after they have been acknowledged. Provision shall be made for maintaining personnel awareness of alarm conditions until they have been corrected or "cleared." Clearing of the alarm shall require a positive response from the assigned personnel. Visual alarm tiles shall be grouped by function or system within panels having horizontal and vertical alphanumeric labeling for ready coordinate designation of individual tiles. Legends shall be unambiguous and address specific conditions. Viewing distance to operator, legend contrast, type style, and letter dimension and spacing shall be considered. It shall be possible to test the warning system periodically. 1300-12.4.9 Communication Systems A communication system shall allow the users to transmit and receive information accurately and conveniently with minimum distraction from the user’s other tasks. A user requirements analysis shall be performed to determine which of the various types of communication systems is most appropriate for the user conditions and what characteristics the selected system shall have.

Factors to be addressed in the requirements analysis shall include the number of intended recipients, the need for private conversations, mode of information transmittal (e.g., visual, aural, tactile), locations and levels of noise or other interference, and the necessity for recording the message. Any special needs of the users (e.g., necessity to keep the hands free, inability to be at a constant location, classification of data) shall be considered. General criteria that shall be satisfied by most auditory systems include a minimum frequency response, feedback, sufficient dynamic range and gain to handle instantaneous pressures characteristic of speech, and sufficient speech intelligibility. The system shall have provisions for periodic maintenance tests, instructions for the use of each system used, and procedures for handling emergency communications where applicable. Specific criteria shall be applied to each type of communications system. For instance, public announcing systems shall have carefully planned Loudspeaker locations to eliminate dead spots. Headsets for sound-powered telephones shall leave the hands free. Switching mechanisms in conventional telephones shall minimize delay in making connections. These criteria are discussed extensively in MIL-STD-1472C; Van Cott and Kincade, Chapter 5; and NUREG 0700, Section 6.2. 1300-12.4.10 Maintainability The design of equipment shall incorporate the objective of efficient maintainability. The surveillance, testing, and maintenance of a system and its restoration to operational effectiveness shall be achieved at minimum cost with a minimum level of support services. UCRL 15673 shall be considered for system design. DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Special Facilities Page 13-43 1300-12.4.11 Labels Equipment and any parts of that equipment to be used by personnel shall be identified with appropriate labels. Equipment and equipment parts include, but are not limited to, system and subsystem component groupings, individual components, control positions or modes, display markings, instructions, procedure manuals, storage spaces, access panels, and tools. The label shall indicate clearly and concisely the function and purpose of the item being labeled. Unneccessary information (e.g., information used only for manufacturing purposes) shall not be included. Hierarchical labeling also shall be used to facilitate component location on control panels. The label information shall be easy to understand. Words, symbols, and other markings in a label or instruction shall be unambiguous and accurate. The terminology used shall have commonly accepted meaning for all users. Label design shall be consistent. The use of abbreviations and acronyms shall be minimized. Various equipment labels placed on the same or similar pieces of equipment and serving similar functions shall use the same material, color, font type, relative location to component, general format, and other configuration features to promote simplicity and avoid clutter. The terminology used for equipment, procedures, and training materials shall be the same for each case. Permanent labels shall be attached to the specific component or equipment in such a manner that environmental conditions or usage by personnel will not remove or destroy the label.

Temporary labels shall be used only when necessary and shall be controlled administratively. They shall not obscure other information or equipment, and they shall be attached securely. If a temporary label is to designate a device that is out of service, the label shall be applied so that it prevents the use of that device. Other label criteria described in this section shall apply to temporary labels. Labeling shall be legible and conform to human visual capabilities and limitations in regard to physical characteristics such as letter and symbol size, contrast, font simplicity, spacing and stroke width. Properly designed mimic displays shall be used to improve the users understanding of the system. Specific guidelines for addressing labeling considerations are contained in NUREG 0700, Section 6.6.; and MIL-STD-1472C, Section 5.5. See Section 1040, Identifying Devices. Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-44 4-6-89 1300-13 ACCESSIBILITY AND USABILITY BY THE PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED Although special facilities may not generally offer opportunities for employment of physically handicapped persons within hazardous areas, consideration shall be given to employment opportunities in such areas as offices and other administrative or support areas. Suitable provisions shall be made in these areas where such opportunities exist and where handicapped persons would not be subjected to undue risk because of the need for rapid evacuation in the event of fire, explosion, or radiological or other hazards. 1304 PLUTONIUM PROCESSING AND HANDLING FACILITIES 1304-1 COVERAGE Section 1300, General Requirements, shall apply. The requirements of Section 1300 are in addition to the requirements of that section and other applicable sections of these criteria, particularly those sections numbered -99.0, Nonreactor Nuclear Facilities-General. PPHFs include facilities principally dedicated to processing and handling plutonium in substantial quantities, e.g., to be used in nuclear explosives production, nuclear reactor fuel assemblies, or heat source packages. What constitutes a "substantial quantity" or a "small quantity" depends on the quantity of each isotope, the physical and chemical form, and the specific process involved. A consideration of the hazard determines whether the facility should be classified as a PPHF. These criteria shall be used for facilities processing and handling other transuranic radionuclides, such as americium, curium, neptunium, and californium. The activity and mass criteria stated above shall apply. 1304-2 OBJECTIVES The design objective shall be to ensure that conservatively estimated consequences of normal operations and credible accidents are limited in accordance with the guidelines contained in Section 1300-1.4, Guidance on Limiting Exposure of the Public. 1304-3 NUCLEAR CRITICALITY SAFETY Enclosures and material transport and transfer control systems shall be designed so that plutonium and moderating material in excess of posted limits cannot be added to otherwise criticality-favorable enclosures or areas. DOE 6430.1A Spatial Facilities 4-6-89 Page 13-45 1304-4 RADIATION PROTECTION Because of the special characteristics of plutonium or possibly other materials with high specific activity or radiotoxicity, PPHFs shall meet the following requirements when they are applicable. Facility design shall provide for the continuous monitoring of external radiation exposure levels in process areas such as hot cells and canyons during entries required for maintenance or repair operations.

The design professional shall consider the criteria provided in USNRC R.G. 3.35 for applicability to PPHFs. Neutron shields in the form of water jackets shall be monitored for water loss. Installed (fixed) air monitors for radioactive materials shall be designed with a minimum sensitivity of 8 DAC-hours. 1304-5 SPECIAL DESIGN FEATURES In general, only hazardous gases or liquids that are necessary for a process shall be used in PPHFs. No natural gas for heating purposes shall be used unless the heating occurs in a separate building that is clearly isolated from the primary facility. Other flammable, explosive, corrosive, or toxic gases or liquids that are necessary to the process shall be handled under special control and isolated to avoid releases or reactions that might cause injury to workers, the public, or the environment. Those flammable gases that are necessary for a process shall be provided by a hard-piped system with the gas supply located outside of the facility in cylinders rather than from large capacity sources so as to limit the total quantity available in the event of a fire or explosion. The design shall accommodate all planned plutonium handling (e.g., chemical or NDA analysis, shipping and receiving operations, packaging and unpackaging, as well as in-process storage). Provisions shall be made to minimize the buildup of packaging materials or packaged materials. Pipes or other conduits for the transfer of plutonium in a product or waste liquid shall be at least double-walled or run within art enclosure that shall provide a second leak-tight barrier in the event of a DBA. Leakage from the primary pipe shall be collected in a geometrically favorable location. It shall be continuously detectable by a liquid-detection system or by a radiation-detection system. Exhaust ventilation systems shall be provided with HEPA filtration to minimize the release of plutonium and other hazardous material through the exhaust path. In addition, intake ventilation systems shall also be provided with either prevention to minimize the release of plutonium and inlet path. Additional requirements and guidance are Facilities. HEPA filtration or fail-safe backflow other hazardous material through the provided in Section 1550-99, Special Special Facilities Page 13-46 DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Structures housing safety class items such as emergency diesel generators, the UPS, and the exhaust ventilation filtration system shall be designed to withstand the DBAs postulated for the PPHF. The design professional shall consider the criteria presented in the following guides for applicability to PPHFs: R.G. 3.12 R.G. 3.14 R.G. 3.17 The design professional shall also consider the following criteria to ensure adequate materials control and accountability: In order to prevent the accumulation of nuclear materials containing scrap and/or off- standard process recyclable material within the facility equipment, space shall be provided for expeditious treatment or processing of these materials, as necessary, to allow their return to the main process. Space shall be provided within each MAA that is adequate for receiving, handling, storing, and measuring receipts. For processes involving solids, the process design shall facilitate efficient collection of spilled solids, performance of timely accountability measurements, and expeditious return of such solids to the processing line or scrap recovery system.

To the extent practical, the shape of the building process areas shall be designed to facilitate surveillance. Irregular shapes shall be avoided as much as possible (i.e., cubes, cylinders, or parallel pipes shall be considered). 1304-6 CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS 1304-6.1 General The following provisions shall be considered as typical for a PPHF confinement system. The actual confinement system requirements for a specific plutonium facility shall be determined on a case-by-case basis. Generally, three confinement systems are used to achieve the confinement system objectives at PPHFs. They consist of the following: Primary confinement. Primary confinement is provided by piping, tanks, glove boxes, encapsulating material, and the like, and any off-gas system within the primary confinement. It provides confinement of vicinity of its processing. that controls effluent from hazardous material to the DOE 6430.1A Special Facilities 4-6-89 Page 13-47 Secondary confinement. Secondary confinement is provided by walls, floors, roofs, and associated ventilation exhaust systems of the cell or enclosure surrounding the process material or equipment. Except in the case of glove box operations, the area inside this barrier is usually unoccupied; it provides protection for operating personnel. Tertiary confinement. Tertiary confinement is provided by the walls, floor, roof, and associated ventilation exhaust system of the facility. It provides a final barrier against release of hazardous material to the environment. Which (if not all) of several barriers shall be designed to withstand a particular DBA shall be determined on a case-by-case basis. For example, the cell structure may be a more appropriate barrier than the process vessels in the instance of the DBE. The effectiveness of each confinement barrier shall be checked analytically against all challenges it is expected to withstand without loss of function. This applies to any form of the hazardous material (gaseous, liquid, or solid) and its carring medium (i.e., airborne or spilled in a liquid). Operation of support and protection systems such as the fire protection system shall not promote a failure of the principal confinement systems. Confinement systems shall be designed in accordance with ALARA concepts. 1304-6.2 Primary Confinement System Primary confinement shall consist of barriers, enclosures, glove boxes, piping, vessels, tanks, and the like that contain plutonium. Its principal function is to prevent release of plutonium to areas other than where processing operations are normally conducted. Primary confinement of plutonium processes that involves readily dispersible forms (e.g., solutions, powder or small fragments, gases) shall be provided by glove boxes or other fully confining enclosures. Hoods shall be used only when a hazard evaluation indicates the risk involved is acceptable. This evaluation shall consider the quantity of the material involved, the specific operation to be performed, and the chemical form of plutonium involved. Primary confinement shall be designed, fabricated, tested, and maintained to a degree of quality assurance commensurate with its importance. QA criteria shall be specified at the preliminary design stage. Design features incorporated into the confinement system shall have been proven effective by extensive experience in similar applications or by formal prototype testing.

The integrity of the primary confinement system shall be maintainable through all normal operations, anticipated operational occurrences, and any DBA the primary barrier is required to withstand. Breaches in the primary confinement barrier that cannot be totally avoided or ruled out (e.g., due to glove or seal failure) must be compensated for by provision of adequate inflow of air or safe collection of spilled liquid. Occasional breaches that are required for anticipated maintenance shall be made only under carefully controlled conditions. Provisions shall be made for storage of in-process material elsewhere, for temporary alternative barriers, and for adequate inflow of air to ensure Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-48 4-6-89 contamination control. The exhaust ventilation system shall be sized to ensure radiological doses are maintained at ALARA levels in the event of the largest credible breach. The process equipment and the process itself shall be designed to minimize the probability of fire, explosion, or corrosion that might breach the confinement barrier. Confinement enclosures for combustible metals shall provide self-contained fire detection and extinguishing capability. An inert atmosphere shall be required when pyrophoric forms (e.g., chips, filings, dust) of materials are being handled in the confinement enclosure. Halon systems shall not be used for enclosures handling pyrophoric metals due to its oxidizing reaction with the hot metal. Primary confinement barrier(s) shall be provided between the process material and any auxiliary system (e.g., a cooling system) in a manner that minimizes risk of material transfer to an unsafe location or introduction of an undesirable medium into the process area. Differential pressure across the barrier(s) shall be used where appropriate. The confinement philosophy represented by the foregoing requirements shall also be applied to other components that serve a primary confinement function, such as conveyor systems, material transfer stations, and ventilation/off-gas systems. Special ventilation problems related to volatile organic liquids or finely divided pyrophoric metal are indirectly related to primary confinement and are discussed in Section 1550-99, Special Facilities. For further primary confinement design criteria, see Section 1161, Enclosures. 1304-6.3 Secondary Confinement System The secondary confinement system shall consist of the confinement barriers and associated ventilation systems that confine any potential release of hazardous material from primary confinement. Because plutonium processing commonly is conducted in glove boxes as the primary confinement, the functional requirements below refer to the operating area boundary and the ventilation system serving the operating area as the secondary confinement system. The integrity of the secondary confinement shall be maintainable through all normal operations, anticipated operational occurrences, and any DBA the secondary barrier is required to withstand. If the secondary barrier is required to withstand the DBE, it shall be designed in accordance with criteria in Section 0111-99.0, Nonreactor Nuclear Facilities- General. Other DBAs, such as the design basis fire, shall also be considered as potential causes of loss of secondary confinement. ALARA concepts shall be incorporated in secondary confinement system design to minimize consequences on the operators and the public and environment.

Design features incorporated into the confinement system shall have been proven effective by extensive experience in similar applications or by formal prototype testing. Continuous monitoring capability shall be provided to detect loss of proper differential pressure with respect to the process area. Release of hazardous material to the operating area shall also be continuously monitored. Commensurate with the potential hazards, consideration shall be given to the use of redundant sensors. DOE 6430.1 Spatial Facilities 4-6-89 Page 13-49 Penetrations of the secondary barrier shall have positive seals on permanent penetrations (e.g., pipes, ducts) or double closure with controlled secondary to primary leakage on pass- through penetrations (e.g., personnel air locks and enclosed vestibules). Ventilation systems associated with confinement shall be designed with adequate capacity to ensure proper direction and velocity of air flow in the event of the largest credible breach in the barrier. 1304-6.4 Tertiary Confinement System Tertiary confinement shall be provided by the building or outer structure some of the DBAs, it represents the final barrier to release of hazardous of the facility. For material to the environment; for others, such as the design basis tornado, it is the barrier that protects the rest of the facility from damage. The integrity of the tertiary confinement system shall be maintainable throughout normal operations, anticipated operational occurrences, and any DBA the tertiary barrier is required to withstand. ALARA concepts shall be incorporated in tertiary confinement consequences on operators, the public, and the environment. 1304-7 EFFLUENT CONTROL AND MONITORING 1304-7.1 Radioactive Solid Waste system design to minimize The solid waste typically associated with a PPHF (e.g., discarded equipment, tools, rags, filters, and gloves) may be contaminated with plutonium metal (fragments or turnings) or various compounds in powder form. It may contain contaminated liquid in solid absorbent material. Plutonium-contaminated solid waste shall be collected and handled in a location specifically designed to provide favorable geometry for criticality safety and means for packing and safe transfer of TRU waste. Assay capability shall be provided to allow identification of TRU waste. Measurement Sensitivity shall satisfy both waste management and material accountability requirements. Volume reduction capability shall be provided where analysis demonstrates that cost benefits will offset installation costs. Cleaning capability to reduce typical waste from TRU category to low-level category shall be provided unless it can be demonstrated that such capability is not necessary or practical. Transfer capability shall include transfer of TRU waste in approved containers by approved methods. Special Facilities Page 13-50 1304-7.2 DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 Radioactive Liquid Waste The liquid radioactive wastes typically associated with PPHFs are plutonium-contaminated liquids and nonrecoverable amounts of process liquids (e.g., liquid filter sludge, wet grinding effluent, and contaminated solvents and oils). It may include contaminated laundry waste. The design of the liquid waste handling system shall consider these forms and others specific to the process.

Plutonium-contaminated liquid waste shall be collected in favorable geometry tanks with stirrers or other accepted mixing methods, sampling devices, and volume measuring devices. An appropriate transfer system shall be provided that includes sufficient holdup capacity to allow conclusive sampling before transfer to treatment locations. Fire suppression water drains shall be designed to minimize transfer of SNM to other locations. The tankage for this purpose is not required to be critically favorable. Liquid radioactive wastes require treatment for removal of plutonium. Adequate holdup of liquid effluents shall be provided to accommodate any anticipated treatment delays or monitoring breakdowns. Appropriate design, monitoring, and administrative controls shall ensure that liquid effluent radioactive concentrations are below the limits on discharge specified in the directive on Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment in the DOE 5400 series. In addition, to the extent practical, releases of radioactive liquid wastes shall be maintained at ALARA levels. The design professional shall consider the criteria provided in USNRC R.G. 3.10 for applicability to PPHFs. 1304-7.3 Effluents 1304-7.3.1 Airborne Effluents The airborne radioactive effluents typically associated with PPHFs are furnace off-gas, airborne dust, off-gas from solvent processes, and corrosive vapor or mists from dissolvers. The design of airborne effluent systems shall consider and minimize plutonium holdup at locations in off-gas and ventilation ductwork and include provisions to detect and monitor the buildup of material and for its recovery. Appropriate nuclear criticality safety provisions shall be applied to the airborne effluent systems. Effluent monitoring and controls shall comply with the requirements of 40 CFR 61; the directive on Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment in the DOE 5400 series; the directive on Radiological Effluent Monitoring and Environmental Surveillance in the DOE 5400 series; and all applicable Federal, State, and local requirements. In addition, releases of airborne effluents shall be minimized by application of ALARA design principles. All exhaust outlets that may contain plutonium contaminants shall be provided with two monitoring systems. These monitoring systems shall comply with Section 1589-99.0.1, Radioactive Airborne Effluents. The monitoring capability shall cover the range from normal effluent concentrations to the maximum concentration expected from a credible accidental release. DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 1304-8 DECONTAMINATION AND Special Facilities Page 13-51 DECOMMISSIONING The PPHF shall include a decontamination area within the process or operating area. This area shall be furnished with all necessary cleaning equipment, radioactivity monitors, waste handling capability, and safety features to safely perform equipment cleaning tasks. Air cleaning devices shall be located as close to the source of contamination as practicable to avoid the unnecessary spreading of the contamination into ducts, conveyors, or other process areas. This would include the filtration of glovebox exhaust air prior to the exhaust air entering a duct leading to a plenum. Protection shall be provided for bare floors, walls, and ceilings, particularly for structurally important parts of the building. Protection shall be in the form of strippable coatings or durable coatings for which effective cleaning methods have been developed.

Surfaces in operating or process areas shall have no seams, cracks, or rough or absorbent surfaces. In areas that are most likely to become contaminated, adequate access shall be provided, such as crawl spaces, piping tunnels, and hatches into ductwork, to facilitate decontamination. The design of equipment shall include features and characteristics to minimize its contamination and facilitate decontamination. 1305 PLUTONIUM STORAGE FACILITIES 1305-1 COVERAGE Section 1300, General Requirements, shall apply. These requirements are in addition to the requirements of that section and other applicable sections of these criteria, particularly those sections numbered -99.0, Nonreactor Nuclear Facilities-General. These criteria shall be applied in the planning and design of PSF that will contain strategic (Category I as defined in the DOE 5632 series) amounts of plutonium. They are not applicable to "in process" or "in use" material, to material in assembly cells for use in weapons, or to material that is packaged in accordance with the requirements of DOE 5480.3 and is awaiting transportation or has been received and is awaiting disposition. However, these criteria do apply to joint storage with other transuranic elements and uranium. The stored plutonium can be in the form of a liquid, solid, or gas. These general design criteria shall also be considered for application to facilities storing other transuranic radionuclides, such as neptunium and californium. Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-52 4-6-89 1305-2 OBJECTIVES The design objective shall be to ensure that conservatively estimated consequences of normal operations and credible accidents are limited in accordance with the guidelines contained in Section 1300-1.4, Guidance on Limiting Exposure of the Public. 1305-3 NUCLEAR CRITICALITY SAFETY ANS 8.6 shall apply. Favorable geometry, as implemented by storage rack design, is the preferred method of ensuring nuclear criticality safety. The use of fixed neutron absorbing materials shall be considered. When fried neutron absorbers are used, the rack design shall include provisions to verify the absorber’s continual efficacy and to prevent their inadvertent removal by mechanical or chemical action. Storage racks shall be designed to maintain their integrity during and following a DBE, and the DBAs they are required to withstand. In addition, the design professional shall consider the criteria provided in R.G. 3.43 for applicability to PSFs. 1305-4 SPECIAL DESIGN FEATURES PSF systems, components, and structures shall be designed to provide confinement of radioactive materials under normal operations, anticipated operational occurrences, and the DBA conditions they are required to withstand. The design shall ensure that the degree of confinement is sufficient to limit releases to the environment to the extent that the guidelines referenced in Section 1300-1.4, Guidance on Limiting Exposure of the Public, are not violated. PSF systems shall be designed incorporating ALARA concepts. The design shall accommodate all planned plutonium handling (e.g., analysis, shipping and receiving operations, packaging and unpackaging, as well as storage). Provisions shall be made to minimize the buildup of packaged materials or packaging materials. Receiving operations involving removal of radioactive material from protective shipping containers shall be performed in the unpackaging room(s).

Facility design, to the maximum extent practical, shall provide sufficient versatility to accommodate equipment for programmatic changes and modifications and for multishift operations. To expedite recovery from DBAs and provide facility versatility, modular construction concepts shall be used, where feasible. The design shall provide sufficient spacing between compartments to facilitate relocation and maintenance of equipment and case of manual or automatic storage operations. No hazardous gases or liquids shall be used in PSFs. No natural gas for heating purposes shall be used unless the heating occurs in a separate building that is clearly isolated from the primary facility. The storage building(s), where practical, shall be rectangular, windowless and arranged in repetitive bays and compartments. 4-6-89 DOE 6430.1A Special Facilities Page 13-53 Facility layout shall provide for efficient cleaning, maintenance, and ease of inspection. Facility design shall facilitate expeditious identification, inventory, placement, and retrieval of storage containers. New storage facilities shall be physically separated from process operations, storage of nonnuclear materials or equipment, and functions not directly required for storage operations. Combustible packaging materials shall be stored in metal containers or structures outside of a PSF in a location that shall not endanger the storage facility or stored material if a fire occurs in the packaging material. The need to provide automatic fire suppression systems for these areas shall be considered in accordance with Section 1530-2.3, Maximum Possible Fire Loss. Layout of floor and access areas shall consider the requirements for secure location of storage containers, traffic control, and segregation. Design of storage tanks for aqueous solutions of plutonium shall ensure that they are geometrically favorable with respect to nuclear criticality. When there is a tendency for solids to precipitate, vessels shall be instrumented to detect the buildup of solids and designed to facilitate removal of solids. Suitable physical compartmentalization shall be provided, as determined from the safety analysis, to limit the quantity of stored materials in each compartment to safe levels; ensure the necessary access features and controls; and satisfy the loss limitation criteria in Section 0110-99.0.7, Loss Limitations. Cautionary systems (e.g., visual or audible alarms, or other warning systems) or interlocks shall be provided to prevent inadvertent entry into hazardous areas. All safety alarm systems shall annunciate inside and outside of the PSF so as to identify hazardous areas to anyone present in either area. The need for visual alarm devices within the facility, in addition to audible alarm devices, shall be considered. Storage racks shall be noncombustible and designed to securely hold storage containers in place, ensure proper separation of storage containers, and maintain structural integrity under normal operations, anticipated operational occurrences, and DBA conditions. These racks shall be designed as safety class items. Door locations shall be coordinated with aisles to facilitate access to stored material for loading and unloading of material, for use of fire fighting equipment, and for compliance with NFPA 101. Bumpers shall be provided where necessary to minimize potential damage to the structure of racks from handling equipment.

The design shall provide for sufficient spacing and arrangement of compartments and/or containers to facilitate the taking of inventories. Vault doors, racks, and containers shall be designed to accommodate the application of TIDs. Adequate space for measurement Special Facilities DOE 6430.1A Page 13-54 4-6-89 capability shall be provided for the required inventory verification and/or confirmation. An automated vault surviellance system shall be provided where excessive radiation exposure would result from entering for material control and accountability purposes. The design of the vault and/or system shall facilitate the daily and other inventory requirements of DOE 5633.3. Those areas of the facility where attractive SNM is stored (e.g., plutonium product storage) should be located in the least accessible (to an intrusion force) area of the plant. 1305-5 CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS 1305-5.1 General The following provisions are typical for a PSF confinement system requirements for a specific PSF shall be determined system. The actual confinement on a case-by-case basis. The degree of confinement required shall suit the most restrictive hazards anticipated. Therefore, consideration shall be given to the type, quantity, physical and chemical form, and packaging of the materials to be stored. For materials in a form that is not readily dispersible, a single confinement barrier may be sufficient. However, for more readily dispersible materials such as liquids and powders and for materials with inherent dispersal mechanisms, such as pressurized cases and pyrophoric forms, multiple confinement barriers are required. Qualified packages (such as encapsulation or DOT-approved shipping containers) may be considered to be barriers. Generally, for the most restrictive cases anticipated, the use of three confinement systems shall be considered. The primary confinement shall be the cladding or the storage container (e.g., canning). Secondary confinement shall be established by compartments with their ventilation systems. The tertiary or final confinement shall be the building structure and its ventilation system. Operation of support and protection systems such as fire protection shall not promote the failure of the principal confinement systems. Coding systems shall be provided, as required. Ingress and egress to the compartments shall be controlled through the use of access ways (e.g, airlocks, enclosed vestibules). Exhaust ventilation systems shall be provided with HEPA filtration to minimize the release of plutonium and other hazardous material through the exhaust path. In addition, inlet ventilation systems shall also be provided with either HEPA filtration or fail-safe backflow prevention to minimize the release of plutonium and other hazardous material through the inlet path. 1305-5.2 Primary Confinement System Cladding or storage containers, as appropriate, shall provide primary confinement during normal operation, anticipated operational occurrences, and for all DBAs they are required to withstand. DOE 6430.1A Special Facilities 4-6-89 Page 13-55 The cladding or storage containers shall be designed to provide a corrosion-resistant confinement for fuel assemblies and to prevent an uncontrolled release of radioactive material. Special design features shall be considered to ensure safe introduction, removal, and handling of stored plutonium. These handling systems and equipment shall be designed to protect against the dropping of storage containers, fuel assemblies, and other items on the stored plutonium.

1305-5.3 Secondary Confinement System The compartments and their ventilation systems make up the secondary confinement system. The secondary confinement system shall be designed to function during normal operations, anticipated operational occurrences, and for all DBAs it is required to withstand. It shall be designed as a safety class system and be capable of performing its necessary functions following a DBE. Penetrations of the secondary confinement barrier shall have positive seals to prevent the migration of contamination. The use of positive seals shall be considered for penetration of enclosures within the facility building to ensure the availability of proper ventilation flow paths and to prevent the migration of contamination within the facility. The need for special ventilation systems for confinement purposes shall be based on the results of the safety analysis. In general, each compartment shall be supplied with ventilation air from the building ventilation system, and shall be provided with separate exhaust ventilation handled by a system with sufficient capacity to ensure an adequate ventilation flow in the event of a credible breach in the compartment confinement barrier. Pressure in the compartments shall be negative with respect to the building ventilation system. 1305-5.4 Tertiary Confinement System The facility building and its ventilation system compose the tertiary confinement system.. The tertiary confinement system is not required to be protected from tornado missiles or missiles from other external sources (e.g., explosions on nearby transportation routes), but shall be designed to prevent massive collapse of building structures or the dropping of heavy objects onto the stored plutonium as a result of building structural failures and remain functional to the extent that the guidelines in Section 1300-1.4.2, Accidental Releases, are not violated. Penetrations of the building confinement barriers shall have positive seals to prevent the migration of contamination. Air locks or enclosed vestibules shall be provided for access through confinement barriers. Special Facilities Page 13-56 DOE 6430.1A 4-6-89 1305-6 EFFLUENT CONTROL AND MONITORING 1305-6.1 General Routine wastes from PSFs will normally be in the form of uncontaminated and radioactive solids and liquids. A principal design objective for the waste management systems shall be to provide facilities and equipment to handle these wastes safely and effectively. 1305-6.2 Radioactive Solid Waste The design shall include provisions for the safe collection, packaging, inventory of, storage, and loading for transport of solid waste that is contaminated with radioactive material. These provisions shall include allocation of adequate space for sorting and safe temporary storage of solid waste, equipment for assay of the waste, and facilities for volume reduction appropriate to the types and quantities of solid waste expected to be produced. All packages containing radioactive solid waste are required to be monitored, both before being moved from generation sites and volume reduction processes to temporary storage locations and before being loaded for transport to a disposal site. 1305-6.3 Radioactive Liquid Waste 1305-6.3.1 Industrial Wastes

Industrial wastes such as discharge from mop sinks shall be collected and transferred to a liquid waste treatment facility or similar type of treatment area. Consideration shall be given to the installation of a retention system. The treatment process shall be designed to reduce radioactive materials to concentrations well below the guidelines in the directive on Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment in the DOE 5400 series, using the best available technology economically achievable. 1305-6.3.2 Decontamination Wastes Decontamination wastes shall be collected and monitored near the source of generation before batch-wise discharge through appropriate pipelines or by tank transfer to a liquid waste treatment facility or area. These wastes shall be individually collected at the PSF in storage tanks that are equipped with stirrers or other accepted mixing methods, sampling devices, volume measuring devices, and transfer systems. Waste storage tanks and transfer lines shall be designed and constructed so that any leakage shall be detected and contained before it reaches the e